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1、基于基于 454 焦磷酸测序分析虾夷扇贝外套膜菌群多样性焦磷酸测序分析虾夷扇贝外套膜菌群多样性丁 君1 窦 妍1 徐高蓉2 王轶南1 常亚青1*(1大连海洋大学农业部北方海水增养殖重点实验室,辽宁大连 116023;2大连獐子岛渔业集团股份有限公司,辽宁大连 116500)摘摘 要要 运用 454 焦磷酸测序技术分析了健康虾夷扇贝和缺刻症状虾夷扇贝外套膜细菌多样性,分别从健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中分别获得 20872 和 16333 条有效序列。分析表明:1)缺刻虾夷扇贝样品菌群丰度和多样性分别高于健康虾夷扇贝样品;2)两个样品中细菌可以分为 8 个门,即变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、
2、蓝细菌门、浮霉菌门、螺旋体门和柔膜菌门,其中前 7 个门类的细菌在健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中均有分布;3)在健康虾夷扇贝样品中,变形菌门占绝对优势,占整个菌群的 97.7%,次优势类群厚壁菌门占 0.8%;缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中,优势类群为厚壁菌门,占整个菌群的 52.2%,次优势类群变形菌门占47.7%。关键词关键词 优势类群 变形菌门 厚壁菌门 中图分类号中图分类号 S917.1 文献标识码文献标识码 A Bacterial diversity in the mantle of Patinopecten yessoensis revealed by 454 pyrosequencing.DING
3、 Jun,Dou Yan,XU Gao-rong,WANG Yi-nan,CHANG Ya-qing(1Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Mariculture&Stock Enhancement in North Chinas Sea,Dalian Ocean University,Dalian 116023,Liaoning,China;2Dalian Zhangzidao Fishery Group Co.Ltd.,Dalian 116500,Liaoning,China)Abstract:Pyrosequencing-technique
4、 was used to analyze and compare bacterial diversity in the mantle of healthy and incised symptoms of Patinopecten yessoensis,respectively.For the two samples,20872 and 16333 effective sequences were selected and utilized to perform bacterial diversity analysis,respectively.Bacterial diversity and r
5、ichness in the incised samples were higher than that in the healthy samples.The effective sequences acquired from both samples included eight known phyla bacteria,i.e.,Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Cyanobacteria,Planctomycetes,Spirochaetes,and Tenericutes,among which the fro
6、nt seven phyla were present in the two samples.Proteobacteria was absolutely dominant in the mantle of healthy P.yessoensis accounting for 97.7%of the entire bacterial community,and Firminant was the sub-dominant group accounting for 0.8%.In contrast,the most abundant bacterial group in the mantle o
7、f incised P.yessoensis was Firminant,accounting for 52.2%of the entire bacterial community,and the sub-dominant was Proteobacteria accounting for 47.7%.Key words:abundant bacterial groups;Proteobacteria;Firmicutes.虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)原产于日本、俄罗斯千岛群岛南部水域、日本北海道及本州北部,为大型冷水性贝类。自 20 世纪 80 年由日本引入我国
8、以来,虾夷扇贝现已成为黄海北部主要的贝类养殖品种。虾夷扇贝生存的水环境中微生物种类复杂,虽然基于培养的方法能够有效地确定微生物群落结构,但是大多数细菌不能在实验室培养1-2,因此利用传统微生物培养方法很难全面了解菌群结构。分子生物学的迅速发展为解决上述问题提供了一个强有力的研究方法宏基因组学。宏基因组学研究不要求对每个微生物进行分离纯化 *国家海洋局项目(201105007-2)、辽宁省教育厅优秀人才支持计划项目(LTQ2011073)、国家星火计划项目(2012GA651002)和辽宁省教育厅项目(L2012263)资助.*通讯作者.E-mail:2014-04-08 收稿,2014-08-
9、22 接受.DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.20140829.011 网络出版时间:2014-08-29 16:58网络出版地址:http:/ DNA 进行测序分析。通过宏基因组测序,能够解释微生物群落多样性、种群结构、进化关系、功能活性及环境之间的相互协作关系,极大地扩展了微生物学研究范围3-5。高通量测序技术454 焦磷酸测序是结合微乳 PCR 和微流体技术的新型高通量测序技术6,目前被广泛应用于土壤和海洋等环境微生物7-10及口腔11、肠道12-14及多种类型的食品15-17中微生物的多样性研究。大连市长海县位于辽东半岛东侧的黄海北部海域,近年来,该海域虾夷扇贝增养殖面
10、积逐渐扩大,产量不断增加,迅速发展成为我国虾夷扇贝增养殖的重要海域18。2011 年冬季,长海县周边养殖海域浮筏养殖虾夷扇贝出现扇贝贝壳缺刻症状,贝壳边缘黄褐色物质沉积现象,并出现大规模死亡,调查发现死亡和濒死的虾夷扇贝 90%的扇贝壳有缺刻损伤。本研究利用 454 焦磷酸测序技术对健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝外套膜样品中的细菌 16S rRNA 基因V1-V3 可变区进行测序分析,旨在于揭示健康扇贝和缺刻虾夷扇贝外套膜中菌群多样性和丰度,比较健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝外套膜中菌群结构及差异。1 材料与方法材料与方法1.1 样品采集健康虾夷扇贝和缺刻症状虾夷扇贝采自长海县浮筏同一养殖笼。分别取健康和具典型缺刻症
11、状虾夷扇贝 3 只,用无菌海水冲洗 3 遍以冲掉表面的附着杂物,无菌剪刀剪取缺刻虾夷扇贝缺刻处外套膜,同时剪取健康虾夷扇贝相应的外套膜,无菌水冲洗 3 次,装入冻存管,放入液氮保存。健康虾夷扇贝样品标记为 DJ_1,缺刻虾夷扇贝样品标记为 DJ_2(图 1)。图图 1 健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝Fig.1 Healthy and incised Patinopecten yessoensis.DJ_1:健康 Healthy;DJ_2:缺刻 Incised.下同 The same below.1.2 DNA 提取、PCR 扩增及测序健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品微生物基因组 DNA 用试剂盒 E.Z.N.A.土
12、壤 DNA 提取试剂盒(Omega Biotech,USA)提 取,16S rRNA基 因V1-V3区 用 引 物 对533R(5-TTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCAC-3)和 27 F(5-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3)进行扩增。焦磷酸测序样品送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行 Roche 454 高通量测序。1.3 序列分析测序所得序列提交到 NCBI 的 SRA 数据库,获得登录号:SRP040620。原始序列进行以下操作:1)筛选原始序列中含有完整 barcode 标签的完整序列;2)去除序列末端的后引物和接头(adaptor)序列、多碱基 N、polyA/T 尾巴
13、及低质量碱基;3)去除 2)中所得序列的 barcode 标签序列和前引物序列;4)丢弃长度短于 200 bp、模糊碱基数大于 0及序列平均质量低于 25 的序列。为了降低分析中间过程冗余计算量,提取非重复序列,然后与细菌 SILVA 库(http:/www.arb-dilva.de)中的aligned(16S/18S,SSU)核糖体序列数据进行比对。应用Mothur19软件,利用 UCHIME 方法20对所得序列进行嵌合体检测;以 97%相似性21为标准,去除嵌合体后的有效序列,划分操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)并根据 SILVA 库中的参考序列
14、对 OTU 进行:1)Coverage(Goods coverage)和稀缺型曲线分析;2)指数分析,包括丰富度指数(ACE 和 Chao 指数)和多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson 指数);3)种属鉴定。2 结果与分析结果与分析2.1 健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品 16S rRNA 基因测序质量评估利用 PCR 方法扩增细菌 16S rRNA 基因进行高通量测序,健康虾夷扇贝外套膜菌群共获得 20872 条有效序列,测序覆盖率为 99.5%,97%相似性归并后得到 302 个 OTUs;缺刻虾夷扇贝外套膜菌群共获得 16333 条有效序列,测序覆盖率为 99.3%,97%相似性归并后得到
15、407 个 OTUs(表 1),两样品中具有相同的 OTUs 个数为 143,特有 OTUs 个数分别为 159和 264。由稀缺曲线图(图 2)可知,两样品稀缺曲线趋于平缓、指数达到饱和,表明本研究中两样品测序量足以覆盖该样品菌群组成。2.2 健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品微生物群落丰度及多样性分析健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中微生物群落丰度及多样性见表 1。健康虾夷扇贝样品群落丰度指数 ACE 指数(423)和 Chao 指数(412)分别低于缺刻虾夷扇贝样品的 ACE 指数(527)和Chao 指数(524);Shannon 多样性指数(3.31)小于缺刻虾夷扇贝样品(4.06),Simpson 指数
16、(0.0866)大于缺刻虾夷扇贝样品(0.0329),表明健康虾夷扇贝样品菌群丰度和多样性均低于缺刻虾夷扇贝样品。表表 1 健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品细菌群落指数健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品细菌群落指数Table 1 Community indices of healthy and incised Patinopecten yessoensis samples样品Sample序列Reads分类单元OTUsACE 指数ACE indexChao 指数Chao indexShannon 指数Shannon index辛普森指数Simpson index覆盖率Coverage(%)DJ_12087230242
17、34123.310.086699.5DJ_2163334075275244.060.032999.3DJ_1:健康 Healthy;DJ_2:缺刻 Incised.下同 The same below.0501001502002503003504004500500010000150002000025000样品序列数 Number of Reads Sampled分类单元 OTUsDJ_1DJ_2图图 2 基于 OUT 的健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品的稀缺性曲线Fig.2 Rarefaction curves of healthy and incised Patinopecten yessoensis
18、samples based on OTU.2.3 健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品微生物菌群健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中微生物归为 8 个门,分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌 门(Firmicutes)、放 线 菌 门(Actinobacteria)、拟 杆 菌 门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝 细 菌 门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)和柔膜菌门(Tenericutes),其中前 7 个门类的细菌类群在两样品中均有分布,但各门类在两样品中所占比例有差异。健康虾夷扇贝样品中,变形菌门占绝对优势,占整个菌群
19、的 97.7%,次优势类群厚壁菌门,仅占 0.8%;缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中,优势类群为厚壁菌门,占整个菌群的 52.2%,次优势类群为变形菌门占 47.7%(表 2)。其他类型的细菌在两样品中均只占较少的一部分。表表 2 DJ_1 和和 DJ_2 样品中基于门的菌群组成样品中基于门的菌群组成Table 2 Bacterial compositions of the different communities from DJ_1 and DJ_2 samples based on phyla level taxa门类 PhylumDJ_1DJ_2 变形菌门 Proteobacteria97.747.
20、7厚壁菌门 Firmicutes0.852.2其他 Others1.50.1其他为未能确定门分类水平及门分类比例较少的门类 The others included all the unclassified and rare phyla.下同 The same below.在属水平上,健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中菌群可分为 42 个属,有 13 个属的细菌在两样品中均有分布,其中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和弧菌属(Vibrio)在健康虾夷扇贝样品微生物中所占比例分别为0.1%、17.4%和 26.3%,在缺刻虾夷扇贝样品微生物中所占比例分
21、别为 9.2%、6.1%和 5.6%(表 3),表明共有菌属中乳杆菌属、寡养单胞菌属和弧菌属在这两个样品中所占比例变化较大。嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)和漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)在缺刻虾夷扇贝样品微生物中所占比例分别为 12.8%和 38.7%,但在健康虾夷扇贝样品中未检测到这 2 类菌属。表 3 DJ_1 和 DJ_2 样品中基于属的菌群组成Table 3 Bacterial composition of the different communities from DJ_1 and DJ_2 samples based on genus level taxa属 Gen
22、usDJ_1(%)DJ_2(%)乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus0.19.2寡养单胞菌属Stenotrophomonas17.46.1弧菌属 Vibrio26.35.6嗜冷杆菌属 Psychrobacter-12.8漫游球菌属 Vagococcus-38.7其他 Others56.327.63 讨论讨论新一代测序技术为大规模样品的菌群结构分析提供可能,为识别菌群结构、研究群落间差异和功能提供了良好契机。Sogin 等22采用 454 测序检测深海中微生物多样性,研究探测到了很多低丰度微生物种类和丰富的深海微生物群落多样性,所测结果比传统分子技术获得的群落多样性高出 12 倍。Angly 等
23、23利用 454 测序技术对从四大洋的 68 个主要位置所采集的样品进行宏基因组分析,得到了 184 个病毒群,这些病毒与现有数据库中的病毒序列并不相似,是典型的海洋病毒系且具有丰富的多样性。本研究利用 454 焦磷酸测序技术对健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中的细菌 16S rDNA 的 V1-V324-26可变区进行测序分析,从健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中分别获得 20872 和 16333 条有效序列,测序的覆盖率分别为 99.5%和 99.3%,认为两样品的测序量基本能够反映样品细菌群落的种类和结构。通过菌群丰度和多样性指数比较分析,健康虾夷扇贝样品菌群丰度和多样性分别低于缺刻虾夷扇贝样品菌群丰度和
24、多样性。本研究中,健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝中共含有 8 个门类的细菌:变形菌门、后壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、浮霉菌门、螺旋体门和柔膜菌门,其中变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、浮霉菌门和螺旋体门为两样品共有菌群,但是这 7 个门类在两样品中所占比例不同。健康虾夷扇贝样品中变形菌门占绝对优势,占整个菌群的97.7%,次优势类群厚壁菌门仅占 0.8%;而缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中优势类群为厚壁菌门,占整个菌群的 52.2%,次优势类群变形菌门占 47.7%,推测虾夷扇贝发生病变可能导致外套膜中正常的菌群平衡失调,生物屏障功能遭到破坏,改变了其菌群丰度和多样性。在健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品
25、中共发现 13 种菌属,其中乳杆菌属、寡养单胞菌属和弧菌属在两个样品中的丰度变化较大。与健康虾夷扇贝样品相比,乳杆菌属在缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中所占比例增加,而寡养单胞菌属和弧菌属在缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中所占比例降低。乳杆属菌为无芽孢革兰氏阳性杆菌,作为发酵剂广泛用于发酵食品工业中,有助于延长食品的保存期、形成特殊风味和改善产品质构等27,罕见致病。寡养单胞菌属属于严格的非发酵型好氧革兰氏阴性杆菌,广泛分布土壤、水、人和动物的体表与消化道、植物根系和农副产品中。Palleroni 等28在 1993 年首次报道了寡养单胞菌属,该菌属为条件致病菌。据报道,在寡养单胞菌属中的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(S.malto
26、philia)能够使人类29-31及黄缘闭壳龟(Cistpclemmys flavomarginate)、中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)和斑点叉尾鮰(Channel catifish)等32-34水产动物致病。弧菌属细菌种类多,分布广,海水中最为常见。弧菌是海洋环境和生物体内最常见的一类条件致病菌,其致病性受宿主的生理状态及水质环境条件等综合因素的影响较大35。近年来有关弧菌的研究倍受关注36-38,是海水养殖动物病害的主要研究领域之一。此外,嗜冷杆菌属和漫游球菌属 2 类菌属未能在健康虾夷扇贝样品中发现,但在缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中所占比例较高,分别为 12.8%和 38.7%
27、。嗜冷杆菌属细菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌或球菌,广泛存在于海洋及陆地环境,属内共有静止嗜冷杆菌(P.immobilis)、粪嗜冷杆菌(P.faecalis)、居冷嗜冷杆菌(P.frigidicola)、冷栖嗜冷杆菌(P.glacincola)、P.marincola、P.pacificensis、P.proteolyticus、P.submarinus 和食尿酸嗜冷杆菌(P.urativvorans)9 种细菌,但有关该菌属细菌作为病原菌的报道仅见条斑紫菜(Porphyrae yezoensis)褐斑病。漫游球菌属是 1989 年由 Collins 等39首次报道的一个菌属。目前漫游球菌属包括 8 个
28、种40,河漫游球菌(Vagococcus fluvialis)能引起人类败血症、腹膜炎等感染41,其他类型细菌致病性尚未报道。总之,本研究首次利用高通量测序技术对健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝外套膜样品中的菌群进行测序分析,揭示了健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝外套膜中菌群多样性和丰度,比较了其外套膜中菌群结构及差异,为虾夷扇贝健康养殖提供参考。参考文献参考文献1 Hugenholtz P,Hooper SD,Kyrpides NC.Focus:Synergistetes.Environmental Microbiology,2009,11:132713292 Ferguson RL,Buckley EN,Palumb
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