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1、Unit1 Friends and Friendship单词friendshipenlargelargeviewofferculturedistantcomplainconfusedcasualclosecompanionbondsituationsituategreetingdelighteddelightdelightfuloutsiderlifelonglong-term短语at firstbe interested in doing sthin a very general waybase on/uponno longer/notany moreout offade awayfor a
2、 whileby chancepick upleave offbe delighted in/delight in in a/the blink of an eyebark at die ofheart attacksuffer from语法现在分词 一.构成形式 doing （特殊的略 现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作 二.时态与语态 一般式doing 一般被动式being done 完成式having done 完成被动式having been done 所有否定式都是在ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式 三.可作成分 定语 状语 补语 表语 1.作定语 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前
3、分词短语作定语时放在后 并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系 这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一 e.g. a running boy the girl standing there 并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句 e.g. a boy who is running a girl who is standing there 注意1：分词的完成时不可作定语 注意2：在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语 不用过去分词 这是考试的易错点 注意3：某些现在分词作定语时 已不再表示动作 已经从分词变为了形容词词性 eg.
4、 an interesting story an exciting match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语 但是不能转化为相应的定语从句 但是可以有三级变化（原级 比较级 最高级和被某些副词如very修饰 2.作补语 高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况 不研究作主补的情况 只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补 1感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at 2使役动词：have get catch leave set 值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补 只能是用于这些词后 但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要
5、用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补 eg.I saw him singing now. Dont have the students studying all day. 注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系 即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者 至于 现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可 无须深入 3.作表语 现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意3 有三级变化 可被副词修饰 e.g.The story is interesting. The match is exciting. 注意 ：表动作的现在分
6、词不能作表语 例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语 关于句子成分的语法内容 有时间再为大家补充 4.作状语 作时间 条件 原因 让步状语事要位于句首 且与后面用逗号隔开 能转换为一个相应的状语从句 作结果 方式 伴随状语时要位于句尾 且与前面用逗号隔开 有时也可以不用 注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者一般要与句中主语保持一致这个是重点 是考试和高考的常考点 大家必须记住 个人经验状语从句是万能的 而分词作状语具有局限性 当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做 1作时间状语 eg. Walking
7、in the street, I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了 可以转化为一个时间状语从句 When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him. 当我要表达正在进行的动作时 我们可以在分词前面加上whenwhile 那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略 但是不是时时成立的 重新注意一下所给出的例子 Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻译成”当我在街上走时，我看到他了”而不可以翻译
8、为”当他在街上走时，他看到我了”（这个是因为”分词作状语时 其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致” 但是有的同学问了 那我要是想翻译成”当他在街上走时，我看到他了”那应该怎么做那？ 可以用状语从句来做啊 因为从句是万能的啊 When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 在这里在告诉大家另外的一个方法 He walking in the street,I saw him. 这是分词的独立主格形式 我们以下会介绍 在这里不需太理解 2作条件状语 e.g. Working hard,you will succeed. 3作原因状语 e.g. Be
9、ing ill,she stayed at home. 注意 being是常用来作原因状语的 4作让步状语 e.g. Having failed many times,he didnt lost heart. 5作结果状语 e.g. His friend died,leaving him a lot of money, 6作方式状语 e.g. Please answer the question using another way. 7作伴随状语 可以转化为一个并列句 e.g. He is standing there,singing. 学以致用1.Taking pictures_ very
10、interesting. A. is B. are C. to be D. be 2._ the bad news made him cry. A. Hear B. Heard C. Hearing D. Is hearing3._ a desert had always been a risk adventure. A. being crossedB. Having crossed C. Crossing D. To have crossed4.Before he came , Id finished _ the whole book. A. to read B. to have read
11、C. reading D. read5. I always enjoy _ to popular music at night.A. to listen B. listening C. that I can listen D. if I can listen6.We are considering _ a trip around the island.A. take b. to take C. to be taking D. taking7.I hope you dont mind _ at your newspaper.A. I look B. my looking C. I looking
12、 D. my to look8.When a mans heart stops _ , he dies. A. to beat B. beating C. beat D. beaten9.I cant help _ he is still alive. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought of10.So far as I am concerned , I prefer reading _ .A. than meat B. for joy C. instead of sleeping D to drinkingUnit 2 Parents an
13、d Children单词shadeshelterbranchsailtrunkbiteendlessendingunconditionalconditionalconditionretellforecasthearingnapchoplean短语go bygrow upchop offgo sailingshow upsince thenlean on/uponbe aware ofalong withbe angry with sb.feel like doing sth.graduate frombe engaged tobe marriedcover withfeel blue语法动名词
14、定义：动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语 二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语： Does your saying that mean anything
15、to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen. 5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一： Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作宾语（1作动词的宾语（2作介词的宾语We are thinking
16、of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？（3作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名
17、词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。二、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下：主动语态、被动语态、一般式writing、being written、完成式having written、having been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。Being carel
18、ess is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。三、动名词与现在分词的同与不同动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为-ing形式。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化
19、而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（现在分词短语，作状语他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（动名词短语，作宾语她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。区别：1动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: 作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: My hobby is
20、 swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) 现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质状态或动作等试比较: a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming
21、 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途 a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途练习1 Mark often attempts to escape _
22、 whenever he breaks traffic regulations。Ashavingsbeen fined B to have been fined C to be fined D being fined2 My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime。A to have heard B to hear C for hearing D hearing3 The thief took away the womans wallet without_。A being seen B seei
23、ng C him seeing D seeing him4 People appreciate _wit him because he has a good sense of humor.A to work B to have worked C working D have working5 Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you。A to be able B being able C to been able D of being able6 No one can avoid _ by advertisements。A to be influenced B being
24、influenced C influencing Dshavingsinfluence7 They are considering _ before the prices go up。A of buying the house B with buying the house C buying the house D to buy the house8 He thought that _。A the effort doing the job was not worth B the effort was not worth in doing the jobC it was not worth th
25、e effort doing the job D it was not worth the effort by doing the job9 If I had remembered _ the door， the things would not have been stolen。A to lock B locking C to have locked Dshavingslocked10 Your shirt needs _。 Youd better have it done today。A iron B to iron C ironing D being ironedUnit 3 Dream
26、s and Dreamers单词stablecontinuallycontinualcontinueinterruptseniordescribediagramunrealisticrealisticrewritewritereconsiderconsiderfireplacecampranchitinerant短语in great detailput ones heart intoa great deal ofmake up ones mind turn incamp outlive in a tentsomething of tear offraise ones spirits up to
27、 the ceilingat the height ofmake ones decisionstick to sthlay sb. Offrather thanend up withlater onhold fast to get on with sth.at the top of语法谓一致（1）一三原则：主语法一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近（远）一致原则二基本用法1 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个2 在代词what, which, who, none, som
28、e, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定. 3集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体. 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).等在任何情况下都用复数形式. 3以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news, works, plast
29、ics等同属此类.4有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有一条,一副,一把之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.学以致用1. Neither of them _ going to the cinema. Both of them _ going to the cinema.A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; was D. are ; is2. All but one _ here just now. All th
30、at I want to say _ this.A. was; were B. was; is C. were; is D. were; were3. A number of students _ gone for an outing. The number of the students _ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is 4. Some of the oranges _ turned bad. Some of the milk _ turned sour (酸).A. have; has
31、B. have; have C. has; have D. have; is 5. Each student -_ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each _ a dictionary.A. have; has B. has; have C. have; have D. has; has6. There _ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There _ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.A. is; are B. are; are
32、 C. are; is D. is; is 7. Either the judge or the lawvers _ wrong. Either you or he _ to blame.A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is 8. His family _ all very well. His family _ a “ five good” one.A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are9. My blue trousers _ worn out. One pair of trousers _ n
33、ot enough.A. is; are B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is 10. Our League secretary and monitor _ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor _ good friends.A. take; are B. take; is C. takes; is D. takes; areUnit 4 Perserverance and Success单词theoreticaltheoryphysicistphysicsceremonymedic
34、ineawardastronomyastronomerappliedapplypostacademylawgovernuniversecatchcureoperateoperatoroperationaltogetherpressswitchscientificsciencepaperwheelchairunifycommunity短语do researchhold the post ofcatch a diseasepoint tospell outturn offfish sth. out of sthpull outladle out pull off knock on/at the d
35、oor语法主谓一致（2）一.语法一致原则只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语用单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语用复数。具体表现如下：1.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Ten pounds was missing from the box.2. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been o
36、rdered. 3.a number of 复数名词，“许多”，复数意义；the number of 复数名词，“的数目”，单数意义。the population of“的人口数量”作主语时，谓语用单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义，谓语则用复数。The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China is large
37、and most of the population are farmers.4.“the adj.”结构指一类人时，谓语动词用复数The disabled are well taken care of in this country.5.分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.二.逻辑意义一致原则1.every /each/no 名词and every/ each/ no 名词作主语时，
38、谓语用单数。Every boy and every girl is having sports now.2.“one 单数名词and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。One apple and a half was on the table.3.“many a 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Many a child was playing there.三.就近（远）一致原则1.谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有： or, notbut； eitheror， neithernor， not onlybut also 等。Either I o
39、r they are responsible for the result of the matter.Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.2.当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class.3.主
40、语后面跟有“with, together with, except, but, like, as well as,along with, including,”等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。学以致用1. The girl as well as his parents _ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor _ surprised at Marys answer.A. have; was B. have; were C. has; was D. has; were2. Who _ the girl singi
41、ng in the next room? Who _ these people over there?A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is 3. Most of the students _ boys. Most of his money _ spent on books.A. are; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are4. The policeman _ standing at the street corner. The police _ searching for him.A. are; is B.
42、 are; are C. is; are D. is; is 5. The glasses _ mine. That pair of glasses _ my brothers.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 6. The news at six oclock _ not true. Those pieces of news _ to be broadcasted.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 7. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons _ taki
43、ng a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, _ taking a walk in the park now. A. are; are B. is; are C. is; is D. are; is 8. No one but Jane _ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I _ in the classroom at that time.A. know; was B.knows; was C. know; were D. knows; were9. There _ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _ something wrong with the machine.A. was; is B. was; are C. were; is