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1、 三、产品的全生命周期评估三、产品的全生命周期评估（LCA)LCA)ISO的定义是：对某产品系统全生命周期的输入、输出和潜在环境、能源、经济影响进行评估的过程。1、生命周期评估内容与标准、生命周期评估内容与标准 生命周期评价起源于企业内部 LCA的最初应用可追溯到1969年美国可口可乐公司对不同饮料容器的资源消耗和环境释放所作的特征分析。一些国际著名的跨国企业，如HP、IBM、AT&T、德国西门子公司等，一方面开展生命周期评价方法的研究，另一方面积极对其产品进行生命周期评价。1990年由“国际环境毒理学与化学学会(SETAC)”首次主持召开了有关生命周期评价的国际研讨会。在该会议上首次提出了“
2、生命周期评价”的概念。生命周期概念的正式提出LCA的工作内容与程序的工作内容与程序定义目标与边界条件建立系统模型编制清单作系统总量计算三方面（3E)进行影响评估环境（Environmental)能源（Energy)经济（Economic)分析与决策敏感度分析3E综合分析决策ISO14000管理性标准ISO14000是ISO推出的第二个管理性系列标准环境管理系列标准，目前有成员国80个。中国也是成员国之一。ISO14000系列标准主要组成The Main Components of ISO14000 SeriesThe Main Components of ISO14000 Series ISO
3、14000系列标准的基本组成 ISO14000是一个环境管理系列标准，共有100个标准号，其主要组成如下：ISO1400,the mail component of ISO1400 series,is the series standard of environmental management,including 100 standards,and the main ones are:ISO14001ISO14009 环境管理体系 EMS(Environmental Management System)SO14010ISO14019 环境审核 EA(Environmental Auditin
4、g)ISO14020ISO14029 环境标志 EL(Environmental Label)ISO14030ISO14039 环境行为评价 EPE(Environmental Practice Evaluation)ISO14040ISO14049 生命周期评估 LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)ISO14050ISO14059 术语和定义 T&D(Term&Definition)ISO14060 产品标准中的环境因素 EAPS(Environmental factor of Product Standard)ISO14061ISO14100 预留号(For Reservi
5、ng)ISO14000ISO14000在中国的推行在中国的推行 The Development of ISO14000 In ChinaThe Development of ISO14000 In China1996 初 成立国家环保局环境管理体系审核中心Early 1996 Established the Auditing Center of Environmental Management System in State Environmental Protection Administration1997.5.27 国务院批准成立“中国环境管理体系认证指导 委员会”。由国家环保局任主任
6、May 27th 1997 the State Department authorized “Chinese environmental management system authentication instruction committee”,which is in the change of the State Environmental Protection Administration.1997.8.28 中国环境管理体系认证机构认可委员会（认可委）28/08/1997 Chinese environmental management system authentication i
7、nstruction committee(AC)1997.8.29 中国认证人员国家注册委员会环境管理专业委员会（注册委）29/08/1997 Chinese national registration committee special for the environmental management(RC)国家环保局环境管理体系审核中心（认证国家环保局环境管理体系审核中心（认证机构）机构）the Auditing Center of Environmental Management System in State Environmental Protection Administratio
8、n(AC)北京环环境管理与工程咨询北京环环境管理与工程咨询中心（咨询机构）中心（咨询机构）Beijing environmental management and engineering consulting center(CC)标准号 Standard中文名称 Chinese Name (Environmental management system-EMS)Environmental management system-EMS)采用的国际标准 Adopted International StandardGB/T 24001-1996环境管理体系 规范及使用指南 Guide to the u
9、sing of EMSISO 14001:1996GB/T 24004-1996环境管理体系 原则、体系和支持技术通用指南 Current guide to the principle,technique supporting of EMSISO 14004:1996GB/T 24020-2000环境管理 环境标注和声明 通用原则 Current principle of EMS,Environmental Label and technique supporting ISO 14020:1998(第1版)GB/T 24021-2001环境管理 环境标注和声明 自我环境声明（II型环境标志）S
10、elf-declaration of environment,EMS and Environmental Label II ISO 14021:1999GB/T 24024-2001环境管理 环境标注和声明 I型环境标志 原则和程序 Principle and procedure of EMS,Environmental Label I and Declaration GB/T 24031-2001环境管理 环境表现评价 指南 Guide to the evaluation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14031:1999GB/T 24040-1999
11、环境管理 环境表现评价 原则与框架 Principle and frame of evaluation to EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14040:1997GB/T 24041-2000环境管理 环境表现评价 目的与范围的确定和清单分析 Objective,range and list analysis to EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14041:1998(第1版)GB/T 24042-2002环境管理 环境表现评价 生命周期影响评价 Life Cycle Estimation of EMS and Environme
12、nt BehaviorISO 14042:2000GB/T 24043-2002环境管理 环境表现评价 生命周期解释 Life Cycle Explanation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14043:2000GB/T 24050-2000环境管理 术语 Terms of EMSISO 14050:1998(第1版)中国发布的环境管理国家标准及对应的国际标准中国发布的环境管理国家标准及对应的国际标准The Chinese National Environmental Management Standard and the Corresponding
13、International Standard 中国全生命周期的标准Chinese Standard of Life Cycle 国际标准组织颁布的ISO14040标准系列对LCA方法的原则、框架和实施方法作出了规定。The International Standard Organization issued ISO14040 to regulate the principle,frame and implement method of LCA GB/T 24040-1999ISO14040环境管理-生命周期评估-原则与框架;ISO14040 Environmental Management-L
14、CA-Principle and frameISO 14040:1997GB/T 24041-2000ISO14041环境管理-生命周期评估-目标和范围界定;ISO14041 Environmental Management-LCA-Objective and range definitionISO 14041:1998(第1版)GB/T 24042-2002ISO14042环境管理-生命周期评估-影响评价；ISO14042 Environmental-Management-LCA-Evaluation of the influenceISO 14042:2000GB/T 24043-2002
15、ISO14043环境管理-生命周期评估-解释;ISO1404 Environmental Management-LCA-ExplanationISO 14043:20002、中国生命周期评估应用现状、中国生命周期评估应用现状the present application status of LCA in Chinathe present application status of LCA in China 目前中国在以下几个领域开展全生命周期的研究：the LCA research is mainly conducted in the following areas 1、钢铁领域 the St
16、eel Industry 2、汽车领域 the Automobile Industry 3、化工领域 the Chemical Industry 4、机电设备领域 the Electromechanical Industry 评估内容包括环境影响、能源和资源消耗。the content of assessment includes the environmental factor,consumption of energy and resource.广西木薯乙醇车用燃料发展计划广西木薯乙醇车用燃料发展计划全生命周期评估案例全生命周期评估案例the case of LCA to a resear
17、ch plan in the case of LCA to a research plan in GuangxiGuangxi,which is aimed,which is aimed to get ethanol from distilling the cassava and then develop a to get ethanol from distilling the cassava and then develop a fuel for automobile substitute for gasolinefuel for automobile substitute for gaso
18、line 上海交通大学与广西壮族自治区政府合作为广西地方政府所作的产业计划决策分析 Decision-making Analysis of the Industrial Plan via the cooperation of SJTU and the Government of Guangxi Chuang Autonomy 案例一案例一Project one生物质乙醇车用燃料发展的背景生物质乙醇车用燃料发展的背景The development background of ethanol as vehicle fuelThe development background of ethanol
19、as vehicle fuel化石能源枯竭 Exhaustion of Fossil Energy 全球石油储量仅够人类继续使用40年,急需发展可再生能源 The global oil reservation will be exhausted in 40 years,so it is a urgent mission to develop the renewable energy MTBE将禁止使用，乙醇是最好的替代品Since MTBE will be forbidden,ethanol becomes the best renewable energy E10将是下一步标准车用汽油 E1
20、0 will be tomorrows standard automobile fuel 国家开始了E10的区域性试点 the state government has put the new fuel into practice in some regions:最初是河南、黑龙江;现已推广到黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河南、安徽5省以及湖北、山东、江苏、河北四个省的部分城市 firstly in Henan and Heilongjiang province,now the practice region has developed into a great area including:Jilin
21、,Liaoning,Henan,Heilongjiang and Anhui province and other cities in Hubei,Shandong,Jiangsu province.GuangXI locates in south China全区属喀斯特地形全区属喀斯特地形Beautiful sceneryPoor soil广西壮族自治区广西壮族自治区Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNear 1/5 land is karst landform in Guangxi广西位于中国南方广西位于中国南方Case study 1：Life Cycle
22、Assessment of Cassava Ethanol Fuel Automobile案例案例1 1：木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评估木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评估木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评估木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评估土地贫瘠土地贫瘠风景优美风景优美大部分土地不宜种粮食，大部分土地不宜种粮食，但适宜种木薯但适宜种木薯Most of the soil is not suitable for rice plant,however it is Most of the soil is not suitable for rice plant,however it is wonderful for the
23、 growing of cassavawonderful for the growing of cassava广西木薯种植区域The cassava areas in Guangxi territory 木薯：一种生长在浅表土壤层的块茎植物 Cassava:one kind of tuber plant which grows in the surface soil木薯：过去苦难的象征；今后致富的财源。木薯富含淀粉，是制造乙醇的好原料；cassava is rich in starch,which is good material to produce ethanol 过去制造酒精为了医用，市
24、场很小，农民无法以此为生；ethanol is only for medical use in the past,the market is very limited,the farmer are not able make living from cassava.酒精进入车用燃料市场，提供了巨大的市场空间；Since ethanol was treated as a fuel,a huge market had appeared.木薯不与人、畜争夺粮食和饲料，与小麦、玉米为原料的酒精相比，具有强大的竞争力。Since cassava has no common needs with huma
25、n or domestic animal for living,it is a better choice to produce ethanol than wheat and maize.Cassava:the symbolization of poor Cassava:the symbolization of poor in the past;in the past;the cash tree in the future.the cash tree in the future.发展木薯乙醇车用燃料，使广西农民脱贫致富Making money from developing the cassa
26、va ethanol industry Making money from developing the cassava ethanol industry 广西政府的战略项目广西政府的战略项目GuangxiGuangxi government stratagem program government stratagem program估计：Estimation使400万亩土地得到应用，促进GDP的增长，增加地方政府的财政收入；Make use of 26.666 million hectare poor soil,promote the GDP,and increase the local g
27、overnment revenue;使约150万农民有物可种，脱贫致富 Make sure 150 million farmers have suitable crop to plant,and help them eliminate poverty.解决约5000人的就业问题 Providing jobs to 5000 unemployed citizens.木薯的种植与收获木薯的种植与收获 growing and harvest of cassava木薯的运输木薯的运输 transportation of cassava木薯酒精生产木薯酒精生产 producing of cassava
28、ethanol 酒精的运输酒精的运输 transportation of ethanol 酒精与汽油或柴油的混合酒精与汽油或柴油的混合 mixture of ethanol,gasoline and diesel 酒精燃料的分配酒精燃料的分配 allocation of ethanol fuel 木薯木薯酒精燃料全生命周期酒精燃料全生命周期评估评估LCA of cassava-ethanol fuel资源需求资源需求Resource demanding能源消耗能源消耗 energy consumption环境污染环境污染 environment pollution3ELCA的第一步 定义、建模
29、the first step of LCA:Definition,modelingthe first step of LCA:Definition,modeling 1）定义目标 Set Objective 以广西生产的木薯为原料，生产车用燃料乙醇（99.5），混配成E10汽油，供中国汽车使用。Produce the ethanol fuel(99.5%)for vehicle from the cassava,then mix it with traditional fuel to provide energy for automobile.2）建立模型 modeling method肥料、
30、除草剂、杀虫剂的生产肥料、除草剂、杀虫剂的生产produce of fertilizer,herbicide,insecticide肥料、除草剂、杀虫剂的运输肥料、除草剂、杀虫剂的运输transportation of fertilizer,herbicide.insecticide木薯的种植木薯的种植Cassava grow 木薯的运输木薯的运输 cassava transport 酒精的生产酒精的生产 ethanol produce酒精的运输、储存酒精的运输、储存 transport and storage of ethanol酒精和汽油的混合酒精和汽油的混合 mixture of eth
31、anol and gasoline酒精和汽油的燃烧酒精和汽油的燃烧 burning of ethanol and gasoline石油的运输、储存石油的运输、储存 transport and storage of oil石油的开采石油的开采 oil exploit石油的精炼石油的精炼 distill of oil汽油的运输、储存汽油的运输、储存 transport and storage of gasoline燃料准备燃料准备Fuel preparation manufacture of car 汽汽车车制制造造汽汽 车车 行行 驶驶 car driving汽车维修汽车维修 car repai
32、r 汽车报废汽车报废 car discard 环境模型的主要假设环境模型的主要假设The mail assumptions of environment model忽略混合过程的排放忽略混合过程的排放 ignore the discharge during the mixing process只计算木薯皮中的氢氰酸和丹宁酸只计算木薯皮中的氢氰酸和丹宁酸 only count the hydrocyanic and tannin乙醇生产中的固体废物完全处理为乙醇生产中的固体废物完全处理为DDGS和肥和肥料料 the solid wastes are completely turned into
33、DDGS and fertilizer火车机车和卡车的燃料为柴油火车机车和卡车的燃料为柴油 the fuel of locomotives and trucks is diesel 能量模型的主要假设能量模型的主要假设The mail assumptions of energy model包含从种植地到车辆使用燃料周期的能量消耗包含从种植地到车辆使用燃料周期的能量消耗 including the whole cycle from land plant to the vehicle fuel忽略原料阶段的能量消耗忽略原料阶段的能量消耗 ignoring the energy waste duri
34、ng the raw material period 包含后处理阶段产生的沼气包含后处理阶段产生的沼气 including the marsh gas in the post-processing stage成本模型的主要假设成本模型的主要假设The mail assumptions of cost model包含发酵阶段产生的包含发酵阶段产生的CO2 和后和后处理阶段处理阶段产生的产生的DDGS饲料和肥料。饲料和肥料。Including the CO2,the DDGS and fertilizer which is produced in the post-processing perio
35、d和杂醇油及后处理阶段产生的沼气，尽和杂醇油及后处理阶段产生的沼气，尽管它们有利润收益。管它们有利润收益。Although we can make profit from the fusel oil and marsh gas,we mix them together3）定义边界条件 definition of boundary condition以年产10万吨燃料乙醇厂为评估单元；set the factory whose output is more than 100 thousand tons as an evaluation unit从木薯种植起，到E10燃料在车辆发动机中燃烧后从尾气
36、中排出为该产品全生命周期；the product life cycle is from land plant to E10 vehicle fuel to the after burning discharge所有输入均考虑附带的环境、能源与经济因素，即间接排放污染与间接能耗；all inputs are taken into account with environmental,energy and financial factors,which are indirect pollution and consumption 车辆工况：100,000公里，达到欧I标准。Working cond
37、ition of vehicle:1000,000 Km,reach European I standard以合理的技术环境为依据。reasonable basis of the technical environmentLCALCA的第二步的第二步 清单设计与总量计算清单设计与总量计算the second step of LCA:List designing and gross calculationthe second step of LCA:List designing and gross calculation生物质E10燃料的LCA-3E清单设计 The LCA-3E list de
38、signing of E10“Fishbone”Sketch1）建立环境影响计算清单Design the calculating list of environmental impacts2 2）建立能源影响计算清单）建立能源影响计算清单Design the calculating list of energy Design the calculating list of energy influenceinfluence3 3）建立成本计算清单）建立成本计算清单 Design the calculation list of costDesign the calculation list of
39、 cost4）进行总量计算 total calculation本项目数据来源：the source of this projectthe source of this project直接采集：实地调查的单位包括黑龙江华润金玉公司、黑龙江省发改委；河南天冠集团、河南省农业厅；广西天昌投资公司、广西桂孚科技投资公司、广西三西农场、广西农业科学研究院、广西热带植物研究所。Directly collection:the investigation objects including:Huarun Gold Jade company,Heilongjiang development and innova
40、tion committee,Henan Tianguang Group,Henan agriculture office,Guangxi Tianchang Invest Company,Guangxi Guifu Technical Invest Company,Guangxi Sanxi farm,Guangxi Agricultural Institute of Technology and Guangxi Tropic Plant Research Center.相关数据库：如美国阿岗实验室GREET模型，欧盟Biofit 模型等；Related database:e.g.the U
41、.S.GREET model in AGAN Laboratory,EU Biofit model公开发表的研究成果：如论文、会议报告等；Published Research Achievement:papers,conference reports etc.公开出版物：如年鉴、专业书刊等 Published books:such as annuals and professional booksLCA的第三步 3E评估the third step of LCA:3E evaluation1）环境影响评估 evaluation environment impacts结论：多数指标与汽油的排放持
42、平，结论：多数指标与汽油的排放持平，结论：多数指标与汽油的排放持平，结论：多数指标与汽油的排放持平，CO,CO,SOxSOx,与与与与GHGsGHGs排放优于汽油。排放优于汽油。排放优于汽油。排放优于汽油。Result:most of the discharging index are similar to Result:most of the discharging index are similar to gasoline,while CO,gasoline,while CO,SOxSOx and and GHGsGHGs are less than those are less than
43、 those of gasolineof gasoline燃料乙醇生命周期排放Life cycle discharge of ethanol fuel 与同能量汽油相比，燃料乙醇的NOx与SOx两项排放明显高于汽油。从清单中发现，它们来自种植过程化肥生产与发酵过程煤的燃烧。When getting the equivalent energy,ethanol will discharge more NOx and SOx than gasoline.From the list we get to know that those waste gas come from the fertilizer
44、 producing and cassava ferment which need plenty of coal to sustain a high temperature.2）能源影响评估 evaluation of energy impact燃料乙醇的能量输入/输出比：生产出具有1千焦耳能量的乙醇，需要X千焦耳的能量Energy input/output of ethanol:demanding of energy(X J)for 1,000 J ethanol energy 木薯乙醇（广西）Cassava ethanol (Guangxi)小麦乙醇（河南）Wheat ethanol(He
45、nan)玉米乙醇（美国）Maize ethanol(US)蔗糖乙醇（巴西）Cane sugarEthanol(Brazil)汽油GasolineX0.630.80.60.40.2结论：结论：Resultq从木薯乙醇中得到从木薯乙醇中得到1千焦耳的能量必须消耗千焦耳的能量必须消耗0.63千焦耳的能量。千焦耳的能量。0.63 KJ energy should be consumed to produce 1KJ energy from cassava ethanolq木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。the cassava ethanol is just fuel not ene
46、rgy source每吨乙醇的净能量YThe net output energy for 1 ton ethanol YY=吨乙醇所含能量生产一吨乙醇所消耗能量Y=the energy of 1 ton ethanol-the energy cost乙醇在我国不是能与汽油相比的能源In China,there is no possible for ethanol to share the fuel market with gasoline.木薯乙醇Cassava ethanol小麦乙醇Wheat ethanol玉米乙醇Maize ethanol汽油gasolineY=（MJ/吨乙醇）13,11
47、210,29912,54328,3243）经济影响评估evaluation of economy influence 一个10万吨乙醇生产项目：a 100,000 tons ethanol production project 可以将30万亩土地得到使用；Make use of 1.999 million hectare poor soil农民可收入9473万元，取代原扶贫款8578万元；farmers get 94,730,000 RMB income,replace the former 85,780,000 RMB which is fund for poverty alleviatio
48、n by the government可安置300个工业就业岗位；bring about 300 industrial working position 乙醇厂，运输分配系统均具明显的经济效益；ethanol factory and transportation distribution system gain obvious financial benefit 政府在全过程可得税收8,362 万元；increase government revenue by 8,362,000 RMB广西地方GDP增长 19,023万元;enhance the regional GDP by 19,023,
49、000 RMB 但是，由于乙醇价格高于汽油，热能低于汽油，车主又不愿支付E10与汽油间的差价，政府必须补贴16,667万元，抵去税收，政府地方财政实际补贴8,035万元。However,the price of ethanol is higher than gasoline,energy release is less than gasoline,and vehicle holder are not willing to pay for the price difference,so the government has to give 16,667,000 RMB subsidies,sub
50、tract 8,362,000 the government actually give out 8,035,000 RMB结论：结论：Resultq木薯乙醇项目可以推动广西木薯乙醇项目可以推动广西GDP的增长。的增长。Cassava could stimulate the GDP progress of Guangxi.q但是政府必须给予补贴。但是政府必须给予补贴。However,the government should give subsidies.LCALCA的第四步的第四步 分析、决策分析、决策the forth step of LCA:analysis and decision-m