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1、太阳系的演化第1页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五太阳系天体行星行星 Planets:the big bodies orbiting the Sun矮行星矮行星dwarf planets:can have their own moons but not massive enough to scatter other objects卫星卫星 Satellites a.k.a.moons:variously sized objects orbiting the planets 小行星小行星Asteroids：small dense objects orbiting the Sun,10,000
2、 in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter,and 35,000 Kuiper Belt(30-100AU)objects greater than 100 km in diameter彗星彗星Comets：small icy objects with highly eccentric orbits第2页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五8 planets:Mercury,Venus,earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn Uranus,Neptune5 known dwarf planets
3、:Ceres(main asteroid belt),Pluto,Eris,Makemake,Haumea(Kuiper belt),but dozens to hundred to be discovered146 moons+21 waiting for confirmation,none/few around rocky planets,50 moons around Jupiter the systems of moons can be divided into regular objects(spherical)with direct orbits versus irregular
4、objects with eccentric orbits 第3页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Composition of Solar System in mass Sun:99.85%Planets:0.135%Comets:0.01%?Satellites:0.00005%?Minor Planets:0.0000002%?Meteoroids:0.0000001%?Interplanetary Medium:0.0000001%?第4页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Inner solar systemOrbit of Planets,linesComets:white ar
5、rowsAsteroids:yellow dotsrevolve in the same direction as Sun,separate orderly,第5页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Inner planets lie on a thin plane Asteroids have larger orbit inclinations to eclipse第6页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五 outer solar systemNeptune之外很多小天体之外很多小天体-Kuiper-BeltPluto 和其他一些天体轨和其他一些天体轨道穿越道穿越Neptune轨道轨道.这些
6、这些天体形成一族天体形成一族2:3 plutinos短周期彗星外缘与短周期彗星外缘与Kuiper-Belt相接相接第7页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Pluto轨道平面相对黄道倾斜轨道平面相对黄道倾斜17度度;彗星更大彗星更大.但行星基本上在一平面但行星基本上在一平面第8页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五distant solar system第9页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Comets are not confined to the Ecliptic plane,while asteroids almost do第10页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Eccentri
7、city and inclination of orbit 第11页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Comets:classification(according to orbit size)Comets(1500 with well known orbits)Long Period(LP)ShortPeriod(SP)NewReturningJupiterfamilyHalleytypeT200 yT200 yT20 ya10000 AUa10000 AU第12页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五PlanetdistanceeccentricityOrbitInclination to
8、 EclipticEquatorialInclinationTo OrbitMercury0.390.20567.07.0Venus0.720.00683.4177.4Earth1.000.0167023.5Mars1.520.09341.924.0Ceres2.770.07910.6Jupiter5.200.04831.33.1Saturn9.540.05602.526.7Uranus19.190.04610.897.9Neptune30.060.00971.829Pluto39.350.248217122.5Main Asteroid belt2-3.5AUKuiper belt30-50
9、AUOort cloud3000-100,000AU第13页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五自转方向多数和轨道一致;类木行星自转快第14页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五太阳系天体的轨道特征除Pluto之外基本在一平面轨道基本上是圆的，除了水星和Pluto之外轨道方向和太阳自转方向一致行星的自转方向和轨道基本同向小天体主要分布在主小行星带(火星和木星之间)和Kuiper带(Neptune之外)短周期彗星远日点和Kuiper带相接第15页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五行星分类by composition:Terrestrial(类地类地)or rocky planets:Mercu
10、ry,Venus,Earth,and Mars:Composition:rock and metal high densities,slow rotation,solid surfaces,no rings and few satellites.Jovian(类木类木)or gas planets:Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,and Neptune:Composition:primarily of hydrogen and helium generally low densities,rapid rotation,deep atmospheres,rings and lots
11、of satellites.by size:small planets:Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars.diameters less than 13000 km.giant planets:Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus and Neptune.diameters greater than 48000 km.The giant planets are sometimes also referred to as gas giants.第16页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五行星分类by position relative to the Sun:inner pla
12、nets:Mercury,Venus,Earth and Mars.outer planets:Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune.The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter forms the boundary between the inner solar system and the outer solar system.第17页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五可居住区域(Habitable zone)液态水：273KT Tv which meansWard et al.(1997),Icarus,126,261第53
13、页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Planet is coupled with the disk;disk material inflow on viscosity time scales第54页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Janus,179 kmPrometheus(86,km)Moon Daphnis(8 kilometers)Keeler gap analogy of planet-disk interaction:moon-Saturn ring第55页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Planet-asteroid interaction:scattering migr
14、ationA planet gains energy and moves outward when it scatters an object into a closer orbit;it loses energy and moves inward when it scatters an object into a farther orbit.-energy conservation-Neptune scatters objects in Kuiper belt into inside,even to the Jupiter position,Jupiter further scatters
15、them to far outside(Oort Cloud).Neptune migrates outward while Jupiter migrates inward.The presence of Pluto and other trans-Neptune objects is thought the consequence of the Neptune migration key process in the Nice model of solar system第56页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Poynting-Robertson dragSolar radiation c
16、auses a dust grain in the solar system slowly spirals inward.In the grain frame,Suns radiation appears to be coming from a slightly forward direction(aberration of light)For large body,re-emission is also isotropic in the grain ref frame,additional force-Yarkovsky effect第57页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五动力学过程总结
17、动力学过程总结天体的微扰对太阳系的长期演化非常重要天体的微扰对太阳系的长期演化非常重要 共振很重要，共振很重要，轨道轨道-轨道轨道MMRMMR 轨道轨道-自旋自旋tidal lockingtidal locking 小天体的轨道倾角和偏心率激发小天体的轨道倾角和偏心率激发 行星和小天体行星和小天体/气体作用气体作用 小天体的散射小天体的散射 行星轨道的迁徙行星轨道的迁徙 非引力作用非引力作用 辐射压辐射压/太阳风对尘埃太阳风对尘埃/小天体小天体 Poyinting-Robertson dragPoyinting-Robertson drag 第58页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Orbi
18、tal perturbations(example:third body)Why they should not be neglected?Satellites 1&2(around Earth):a=150900 kme=0.8i=0 degSatellite 1:only Earths gravitySatellite 2:Earth+Moon+Sun第59页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五Tsiganis,K.;Gomes,R.;Morbidelli,A.;Levison,H.F.,2005,Nature,435,459第60页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五主小行星带天体分布模拟和观测比较：a)实线均匀分布的天体经过4Gyr后依然在轨道的天体，阴影为观测比较样本；b)初始分布为实线，考虑轨道Jupiter 在4 Gyr前由于抛射小行星致 migration之后的，分布为阴影；c)最后结果与观测相符Minton&Malhotra，2009,NatureEvidence for Jupiter migration第61页，共61页，编辑于2022年，星期五