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1、FIRST AIDThis is the first help/assistance given to a person who is sick/injured before medical help is obtainedTreatmentBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RESCUSCITATIONDRABCD is Danger/safety R is Response A is for airways(mouth and nose)B is for breathing(chest expansion)C is for circulation(check for the pulse
2、)THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID1.DiagnosisHistory(Find out what happened,when,where and how)Signs(Physical features you can see on the patient,wound,vomiting,swelling,bleeding)Symptoms(things felt by the patient,pain,discomfort,dizziness etc)2.TreatmentPreserve lifePrevent condition getting wor
3、sePromote recovery3.DisposalSending the patient to the hospital or any medical centerSKELETONThis is the framework of the body;its made up of 206 bones.TYPESLong bones arms and legsHand and foot(27 bones on the hand)SKELETONFlat bones skull,ribs,pelvis(these are for protection)Irregular bones verteb
4、rae(backbone)(26 of them)CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMThe central nervous system controls all voluntary activities and is made up of:The brainGreater brain:for consciousness e.g.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMThe lesser brain:for balancingBrain stem:for autonomic nervous system e.g.breathing The spinal cord to cond
5、uct impulses to and from the brainNerves to transport impulses to and from the spinal cordMUSCLESIt is the red flesh of the body,which carries 50%of the total weight of the body.TYPESVoluntary muscles those that are controlled by the will e.g.walking,running,stopping,smiling,laughing etc.Involuntary
6、 muscles those that are controlled automatically e.g.breathing,blinking of the eyeFRACTUREThis is the break in the boneTYPESClosed fracture(simple fracture)Open fracture(compound fracture)All these fractures can become complicated when the bone breaks and damages other vital organsFRACTURECAUSESDire
7、ct violence(bone breaks directly where force is applied)Transmitted violence(bone breaks away from where force is applied)Muscular action(this is causes by the pulling of muscles)Diseases of the boneSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSP.I.D.A.C.I.S.S.SPainInabilityDeformitySIGNS AND SYMPTOMSAbnormal movementCreptusIr
8、regularitySwelling and discolorationShock due to pain and loss of bloodShorteningTREATMENTCheck.D R A B CStop bleeding if anyTake supportDress any wounds Immobilize the fracture so that You prevent further damage You lessen painYou can easily carry the patient to hospitalDISLOCATIONThis is the displ
9、acement of the bone at a jointTYPESClosedOpenSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSevere painDeformitySwellingFixation(no movement)at a jointTREATMENTDo not try to straighten it Check.D R A B CImmobilize just as it is found and take the patient to the hospitalStop bleeding if anyTake supportTREATMENTDress any wounds I
10、mmobilize the dislocation so that You prevent further damage You lessen painYou can easily carry the patient to hospitalWOUNDSThis is a cut or break in the skinTYPESContused wound(the tissues are burst open by blunt force e.g.a hammer)WOUNDSLacerated wound(the tissues are torn apart by rough surface
11、s)Incised wound(these are clean cut wounds using a knife or razor blade)Punctured wound(these are deep cuts e.g.bullet wound,a nail straight into the skin)DANGERS OF WOUNDS Loss of bloodThere could be internal bleedingInfections:The object may transmit infectionsDamage to internal partsTREATMENTStop
12、 bleedingUsing direct pressureUsing digital pointsUsing a tourniquetWash your hands(wear surgical gloves)TREATMENTExpose the woundApply temporary dressing to prevent infectionsClean the area away and around the woundApply a permanent dressing and a pressure bandageWe do this in order to stop infecti
13、ons and bleedingSend the patient to the hospital BLEEDING/HEMORRHAGE Bleeding is the loss of blood from the bodyBlood is made up of two thingsPlasma fluidCells;Red blood cells carrying oxygenWhite blood cells to fight against infectionsPlatelets which help with clottingORGANS OF CIRCULATION AND KIND
14、S OF BLEEDING Heart to pump blood and has four chambersBlood vesselsArteries to carry blood away from the heartCapillaries to circulate blood around the bodyVeins to carry blood back to the heart TYPES OF BLEEDINGThere are two types of bleedingExternal bleeding(outside bleeding)Internal bleeding(ins
15、ide bleeding)TYPES OF BLEEDINGOn internal bleeding we have what is called concealed and revealed bleeding.Concealed bleeding is very dangerous because the patient may die if not taken to the hospital in time.Arterial BleedingBleeding through the artery,blood will come out with pressure and it will b
16、e bright red in color because it is rich in oxygen.Capillary BleedingBleeding through the capillary,the blood will ooze out and can stop on its own.The blood will look dark.Venous BleedingBleeding through the veins,blood will flow out in a stream and will look dark red in color since it has lost its
17、 oxygen.NOTE:When donating blood,blood will be taken from the person using the veins and will be given to the patient through the veins.SIGNS AND SYMTOMS OF BLEEDING(F.R.I.S)Faintness going into collapseRapid thread pulse/weak pulseIncreasing pallor and restlessnessShallow sighing respirationMETHODS
18、 OF STOPPING BLEEDINGDirect pressure(always use a pad)Digital pressure on the pressure pointsTemporal arteries found near the ear when bleeding on the headSub-clevian arteries found on the collar bone,when bleeding on the upper armBrachial arteries found on the upper arm,when bleeding on the lower a
19、rmFemoral arteries found on the groin when bleeding on the legFacial arteries found under the chin,when bleeding on the faceOccipital arteries found at the back of the head,when bleeding on the back of the headThe use of an instrument called a tourniquetThe use of an instrument called a tourniquetRu
20、bber tourniquetBandage tourniquetPluggingPRECAUTIONS WHEN USING A TOURNIQUETApply it where there is only one boneAlways pad the areaRelease it after 10-20 minutes and tighten after 15 seconds and if the bleeding has stopped leave the tourniquet loose but dont take it away.Accompany the patient to th
21、e hospitalDANGERS OF TOURNIQUETPainfulIt can cause tissue destructionIt can cause death of the limbIt can only be used where there is only one boneADVANTAGESIt can stop bleeding at onceIt can stop multiple bleeding on one single limbIt can stop bleeding as you attend to the other patients or other t
22、hingsIt can stop bleeding as you transport your patient to the hospitalSHOCKThis is the reduction of blood circulation affecting the brainSHOCKTYPESNervous shock cause by fear,pain,bad or good newsHere the patient will have the same volume of blood but has just been drained from the brain to the low
23、er part of the body.How?Surgical shock caused by loss of blood through injuries,burns,and diseasesSHOCKSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSweatingTalkative and restlessFace and lips turn palePulse is weak and rapidCold and clammy skin(arms and legs)UnconsciousnessShallow breathing SHOCKWHAT TO DO/TREATMENTLay patien
24、t flat on his backCheck airways,breathing and circulationElevate the legsSHOCKCover the patient with a blanket(dont overheat)Give nothing by mouth(absorption of food will not take place,the patient may go to the theatre)Reassure the patientSend the patient to the hospitalUNCONSCIOUSNESSThis is when
25、the brain has been thrown out of its normal working order.UNCONSCIOUSNESSLEVELS OR STAGESConfusion(you may ask the patient a question but he may give a negative answer)UNCONSCIOUSNESSStupor(patient cannot respond but may respond to painful stimulations)Coma(no response in any way).Any person in a co
26、ma when getting back to consciousness will go through stupor then confusion and back to normalCAUSESHead injuryConcussionCompressionElectric shockEpilepsyConvulsionsHeat strokeCAUSESShockExtreme ColdSyncopeAlcohol abusePoisonDisease-diabetes,meningitis,cerebral malaria,kidney failure HysteriaAsphyxi
27、aTREATMENTLay the patient flat on his backCheck the airways,breathing and circulationPut the patient in a semi prone position(recovery,coma position)TREATMENTFor easy vomiting(in case)For easy breathingFor quick recoverySend the patient to hospital on a stretcher in a semi prone positionASPHYXIAThis
28、 is when there is interference in the exchange of gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide)in the lungs.CAUSES G.E.M.PASPHYXIAGases e.g.nitrous fumes,carbon monoxide,sulphurated hydrogen,methane etc.Electric ShockASPHYXIAMechanical obstruction e.g.hanging,drowning,choking,false teeth,blood or torque,smotheri
29、ngPoison(Nervous)e.g.drugs,snake bites etcSIGNS AND SYMTOMSGasping for airRestlessnessConvulsions will followUnconsciousness(less oxygen in the brain)Then breathing will stopWHAT TO DORemove the patient from the cause or the cause from the patientLay the patient flat on his backCheck the airways,bre
30、athing and circulationStart artificial respiration Mouth to mouthWHAT TO DONose to mouthHip roll back pressureUse instrumentsAmbulance bagBrook airwaysPut the patient in a semi prone position and send him to hospitalGASESAir may become dangerous due to contamination with gases brought about by:Blast
31、ingUnderground firesBurning of explosivesStagnant waterLack of oxygen in ill ventilated areaGASESNITROUS FUMES:Liberated when blasting takes place or when burning explosives.SIGNS;-irritating and watering of the nose and eyes,cough and pains in the chest.LATE SIGNS:-Breathlessness and spitting of bl
32、oodGASESCARBON MONOXIDE:Produced in underground fires and when firing of air compressors.SIGNS;No smell,taste or colour,but very deadly.It causes headaches and giddiness and the legs give away.Victim becomes unconscious,breathing begins to fail,if not treated,he will dieGASESSULPHRETTED HYDROGEN:Thi
33、s is gas released stagnant water.SIGN;In low concentrations it has the smell of bad eggs.In high concentrations it deaden the sense of smell.GASESNOTE:A VERY IMPORTANT WARNING IS IRRITATION OF THE EYES AND WHENEVER THIS WARNING IS GIVEN THE AIR MUST BE REGARDED AS DISTINCTLY DANGEROUSGASESCarbon Dio
34、xide(Black Damp)Usually found in disused parts of the mine,may cause suffocation.SIGNS.Gasping for breath and palpitationsGASESTREATMENT-Inform the officials-Ventilate the areaGASES-Cover your nose and mouth with a wet mutton cloth or use the gas mask/respirators-Control bleeding if anyGASES-Remove
35、the gassed person to the nearest fresh air.-If breathing has stopped or breathing is poor,start artificial respiration at once.-Mouth to Mouth-Hip roll back pressure method-Ambu bag-CPR mouth pieceGASES-When he is breathing or has started breathing transport him on the stretcher-NOTE:ALL CASES OF GASSING,MUST BE SENT TO HOSPITAL,WHERE THEY WILL BE KEPT FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS-GASES-REMEMBER THAT SERIOUS SYMPTOMS MAY ONLY DEVELOP HOURS LATER