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1、Section 5 Figurative Use of Sentences (1)Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style (A)L Key to the Exercise1. In what sense can we say that a certain structure is a repetition or a parallelism of words (or phrases)?Find out the answer in the lecture.2. What type of repetition of words is employed in e
2、ach of the following sentences?1) The bells ! The bells ! - Encyclopedia of English (Uninterrupted repetition)2) They are the entertainment of minds unfurnished with ideas, and therefore easily susceptible of impressions; not fixed by principles, and therefore easily following the current of fancy;
3、not informed by experience, and consequently open to every false suggestion and partial account. - Samuel Johnson (Interrupted repetition)3) When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child, - I Cor. 13. 11 (Repetition of the ending words epiphora)4) UA lie beget
4、s a lie. - English proverb (Repetition of the first word and the last word epidiplosis)5) Welfare doesnt work: work “incentives dont work; training doesnt work; work “requirement dont work; “work experience doesn5t work, and even workfare doesnt quite work. Only work works. 一 A Handlist of Rhetorica
5、l Terms (Chiefly repetition of the first word and the last word epidiplosis)6) Man does not live to eat but eat to live, - Popular saying (Antimetabole)7) It will destroy the wisdom of the wise. (Repetition of words of the same root polyptoton)8) Then the camel men cursing and grumblingAnd running a
6、way, and wanting their liquor and women,And the night fires going out, and the lack of shelters, And the cities hostile and the towns unfriendly And the villages dirty and charging high pricesto make it possible for a world to exist in diversity and freedom. All this requires the best of all of us.T
7、herefore, I am proud to come to this college, whose graduates have recognized this obligation and to say to those who are now here that the need is endless, and I am confident that you will respond.Robert Frost said:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has mad
8、e all the difference.I hope that road will not be the less traveled by, and I hope your commitment to the Great Republics interest in the years to come will be worthy of your long inheritance since your beginning.This day devoted to the memory of Robert Frost offers an opportunity for reflection whi
9、ch is prized by politicians as well as by others, and even by poets, for Robert Frost was one of the granite figures of our time in America. He was supremely two things: an artist and an American. A nation reveals itself not only by the men it produces but also by the men it honors, the men it remem
10、bers.In America, our heroes have customarily run to men of large accomplishments. But today this college and country honors a man whose contribution was not to our size but to our spirit, not to our political beliefs but to our insight, not to our self-esteem, but to our self- comprehension. In hono
11、ring Robert Frost, we therefore can pay honor to the deepest sources of our national strength. That strength takes many forms, and the most obvious forms are not always the most significant. The men who create power make an indispensable contribution to the Nations greatness, but the men who questio
12、n power make a contribution just as indispensable, especially when that questioning is disinterested, for they determine whether we use power or power uses us.Our national strength matters, but the spirit which informs and controls our strength matters just as much. This was the special significance
13、 of Robert Frost. He brought an unsparing instinct for reality to bear on the platitudes and pieties of society. His sense of the human tragedy fortified him against self-deception and easy consolation. ul have been he wrote, uone acquainted with the night., And because he knew the midnight as well
14、as the high noon, because he understood the ordeal as well as the triumph of the human spirit, he gave his age strength with which to overcome despair. At bottom, he held a deep faith in the spirit of man, and it is hardly an accident that Robert Frost coupled poetry and power, for he saw poetry as
15、the means of saving power from itself. When power leads men towards arrogance, poetry reminds him of his limitations. When power narrows the areas of mans concern, poetry reminds him of the richness and diversity of his existence. When power corrupts, poetry cleanses. For art establishes the basic h
16、uman truth which must serve as the touchstone of our judgment.The artist, however faithful to his personal vision of reality, becomes the last champion of the individual mind and sensibility against an intrusive society and an officious state. The great artist is thus a solitary figure. He has, as F
17、rost said, a lovers quarrel with the world. In pursuing his perceptions of reality, he must often sail against the currents of his time. This is not a popular role. If Robert Frost was much honored in his lifetime, it was because a good many preferred to ignore his darker truths. Yet in retrospect,
18、we see how the artisfs fidelity has strengthened the fibre of our national life.If sometimes our great artist have been the most critical of our society, it is because their sensitivity and their concern for justice, which must motivate any true artist, makes him aware that our Nation falls short of
19、 its highest potential. I see little of more importance to the future of our country and our civilization than full recognition of the place of the artist.If art is to nourish the roots of our culture, society must set the artist free to follow his vision wherever it takes him. We must never forget
20、that art is not a form of propaganda; it is a form of truth. And as Mr. MacLeish once remarked of poets, there is nothing worse for our trade than to be in style. In free society art is not a weapon and it does not belong to the spheres of polemic and ideology. Artists are not engineers of the soul.
21、 It may be different elsewhere. But democratic society-in it, the highest duty of the writer, the composer, the artist is to remain true to himself and to let the chips fall where they may. In serving his vision of the truth, the artist best serves his nation. And the nation which disdains the missi
22、on of art invites the fate of Robert Frosfs hired man, the fate of having “nothing to look backward to with pride, and nothing to look forward to with hope.”I look forward to a great future for America, a future in which our country will match its military strength with our moral restraint, its weal
23、th with our wisdom, its power with our purpose. I look forward to an America which w川 not be afraid of grace and beauty, which will protect the beauty of our natural environment, which w川 preserve the great old American houses and squares and parks of our national past, and which will build handsome
24、 and balanced cities for our future.I look forward to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft. I look forward to an America which w川 steadily raise the standards of artistic accomplishment and which will steadily enlarge cultural opport
25、unities for all of our citizens. And I look forward to an America which commands respect throughout the world not only for its strength but for its civilization as well. And I look forward to a world which will be safe not only for democracy and diversity but also for personal distinction.Robert Fro
26、st was often skeptical about projects for human improvement, yet I do not think he would disdain this hope. As he wrote during the uncertain days of the Second War:Take human nature altogether since time began And it must be a little more in favor of man, Say a fraction of one percent at the very le
27、ast. Our hold on this planet wouldnt have so increased.4. Sample (4)Remarks at the Rudolph Wilde PlatzPresident John F. KennedyWest BerlinJune 26, 1963Note： This text is the version published in the Public Papers of the Presidents- John F. Kennedy, 1963. Both this text and the audio version of this
28、speech ommit the words of the German translator. This audio file was edited by the White House Signal Agency shortly after the speech was recorded. The White House Signal Agency was charged with recording only the words of the President. The Kennedy Library has an audiotape of a network broadcast of
29、 the full speech, with the translators words, and a journalists commentary. Because of copyright restrictions it is only available for listening at the Library for reasons of private study and scholarship.I am proud to come to this city as the guest of your distinguished Mayor, who has symbolized th
30、roughout the world the fighting spirit of West Berlin. And I am proud to visit the Federal Republic with your distinguished Chancellor who for so many years has committed Germany to democracy and freedom and progress, and to come here in the company of my fellow American, General Clay, who has been
31、in this city during its great moments of crisis and will come again if ever needed.Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was “civis Romanus sum.n Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is ulch bin ein Berliner.”I appreciate my interpreter translating my German!There are many people i
32、n the world who really dont understand, or say they don5t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin. There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin. And there are some who say in Europe and elsewhere we
33、can work with the Communists. Let them come to Berlin. And there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress. Lass sie nach Berlin kommen. Let them come to Berlin.Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but
34、we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us. I want to say, on behalf of my countrymen, who live many miles away on the other side of the Atlantic, who are far distant from you, that they take the greatest pride that they have been able to share with you
35、, even from a distance, the story of the last 18 years. I know of no town, no city, that has been besieged for 18 years that still lives with the vitality and the force, and the hope and the determination of the city of West Berlin. While the wall is the most obvious and vivid demonstration of the f
36、ailures of the Communist system, for all the world to see, we take no satisfaction in it, for it is, as your Mayor has said, an offense not only against history but an offense against humanity, separating families, dividing husbands and wives and brothers and sisters, and dividing a people who wish
37、to be joined together.What is true of this city is true of Germany-real, lasting peace in Europe can never be assured as long as one German out of four is denied the elementary right of free men, and that is to make a free choice. In 18 years of peace and good faith, this generation of Germans has e
38、arned the right to be free, including the right to unite their families and their nation in lasting peace, with good will to all people. You live in a defended island of freedom, but your life is part of the main. So let me ask you as I close, to lift your eyes beyond the dangers of today, to the ho
39、pes of tomorrow, beyond the freedom merely of this city of Berlin, or your country of Germany, to the advance of freedom everywhere, beyond the wall to the day of peace with justice, beyond yourselves and ourselves to all mankind.Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free
40、. When all are free, then we can look forward to that day when this city will be joined as one and this country and this great Continent of Europe in a peaceful and hopeful globe. When that day finally comes, as it will, the people of West Berlin can take sober satisfaction in the fact that they wer
41、e in the front lines for almost two decades.All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich bin ein Berliner/15. Sample (5)Tonight Were Gonna Party Like Ifs 1999By JILL SMOLOWE; WENDY COLE/NEW YORKAND DAN CRAY/LOS ANGELESThu
42、rsday, Oct. 15, 1992Heres the choice. Come Dec. 31, 1999, you can sit around harrumphing that its amateur night. That those out celebrating the m川ennium are no doubt the very same people who cant even spell it. (Two Ls, two Ns.) You can work yourself into a froth about how the calendar change promis
43、es only to render every check in your checkbook obsolete and produce a baby boomlet of Millies and Millards. As you down a glass of warm buttermilk before bed, you can note ! with satisfaction that the year is off to a bad start: ABC says Two Thousand, CNN says Twenty Hundred. Then you can fall asle
44、ep counting m川ennial sheep.Or you can acknowledge that this is the New Year5s Eve to beat all New Years Eves. That m川enniums roll around only once every 1,000 years. That this is only the second chance in recorded history for a blowout of this kind, which makes Kahoutek an annoyingly frequent caller
45、 by comparison. That you want to be part of this once-in-a-lifetime, never-to-be-repeated, no-chance- to-do-it-again event. In a word, you can party.As choices go, this should not be a hard one. Already, party lovers from New York City to Paris to Tokyo are booking rooms, making reservations and hat
46、ching plans for the mega-night. Those who dont start planning now may find themselves, on the night of nights, all dressed up with no place to go. And that would be quite a downer - sort of like watching all the nines on your car odometer roll over into zeros and having no one to share it with.So wh
47、at if ifs still more than seven years away? Grand ideas dont take shape overnight. Just ask the 6,000 members of the M川ennium Society. Founded by American college students, this group of youngsters first began dreaming and scheming about New M川enniums Eve back in 1979. The society, which boasts a wo
48、rldwide membership, already has an agreement to charter the Queen Elizabeth 2 (assuming shes seaworthy) to transport 1,750 people from New York City to Alexandria, Egypt. By ground, the celebrators will continue on to the environs of Cairo to toast the m川ennium at the Great Pyramid of Giza.Strangle
49、any thoughts of crashing this one: invitations to the Great Pyramid blowout were mailed ages ago. The list includes anyone the society has ever honored as one of its 10 Most Inspiring People of the Year. (You remember: Bob Geldof 85. Boris Becker 86. Paul McCartney 90. Whitney Houston 491.) Interestingly, the people quickest to respond have all been well over 35, among them First People George and Barbara and Ronald and Nancy. Comedian G