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1、火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去The Market Forces of Supply and Demand供给与需求的市场力量供给与需求的市场力量Chapter 4火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去The Market Forces of Supply and DemandSupply and Demand are the two words that economists use most often.供给和需求是经济学家最常用的两个术语。S
2、upply and Demand are the forces that make market economies work.供给和需求即是推动市场经济运行的力量所在Modern microeconomics is about supply,demand and equilibrium.现代微观经济学研究供给、需求和均衡。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Markets市场A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.
3、市场是由某个商品或服务的买者和买者组成的群体The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people as they interact with one another in markets.术语供给和需求指人们的行为当他们在市场中相互作用时。The buyers as a group determine the demand.买方作为一个整体决定需求The sellers as a group determine the supply.卖方作为一个整体决定供给火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的
4、衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Market Type市场类型A competitive market is a market in which竞争性市场是指这样的市场：with many buyers and many sellers有许多的买者和卖者 that is not controlled by any one person市场不受任何一个人操纵 in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon.买者和卖者所遵循的价格被约束在窄小的范围内。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，
5、不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Competition:Perfect and otherwise竞争：完全竞争与否Perfect competition:完全竞争Products are all the same产品完全相同Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over the price有无数的卖者和买者以至与任何人不能影响价格Buyers and sellers are price takers买者和买者都是价格接受者No entry barriers没有进入壁
6、垒火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Competition:Perfect and otherwise竞争：完全竞争与否Monopoly:完全垄断One seller,seller controls price一个卖者，买者控制价格Oligopoly:寡头垄断Few sellers少数几个卖者Not always aggressive competition竞争不一定总是很激烈。Monopolistic Competition:垄断竞争Many sellers许多卖者Slightly differentiated pro
7、ducts产品有微小差别Each seller may set price for its own product每一个卖者都能为自己的产品设定价格。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Demand需求Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.需求量是买者愿意且能够购买的量The Law of Demand states that,ceteris paribus,there is an inv
8、erse relationship between price and quantity demanded(Giffen Goods).需求法则是说，其他条件不变的情况下，价格和需求量负相关（吉芬商品）Ceteris paribus is a Latin phrase that means all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant.Literally,it means other things being equal.Ceteris Paribus是一个拉丁习词，指除了被研究的变量外，其
9、他变量都假定是不变的。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去 Demand Schedule and Curve$3.002.502.001.501.000.502134 56789 101211Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream Cones0火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Market Demand市场需求Marker demand refers to the sum of all indivi
10、dual demands for a particular good or service.市场需求是所有个人对某个商品或服务的需求总和。Graphically,individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.从图形上看，将个人需求曲线水平加总就得到了市场需求曲线。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去The Market Demand CurvePrice of Ice-Cream ConePrice of
11、 Ice-Cream ConePrice of Ice-Cream Cone2.002.002.004371.001.001.008513Quantity of Ice-Cream ConesQuantity of Ice-Cream ConesQuantity of Ice-Cream ConesCatherines DemandNicholass DemandMarket Demand+=When the price is$2.00,Catherine will demand 4 ice-cream cones.When the price is$2.00,Nicholas will de
12、mand 3 ice-cream cones.The market demand at$2.00 will be 7 ice-cream cones.When the price is$1.00,Catherine will demand 8 ice-cream cones.When the price is$1.00,Nicholas will demand 5 ice-cream cones.The market demand at$1.00,will be 13 ice-cream cones.The market demand curve is the horizontal sum o
13、f the individual demand curves!火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Determinants of Demand需求的决定因素Marker price市场价格Consumer income消费者收入Prices of related goods相关商品的价格Tastes偏好Expectations预期Population人口火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Change in Quantity Demandedvs.Ch
14、ange in DemandChange in Quantity Demanded需求量的变化Movement along the demand curve.沿着需求曲线Caused by a change in the price of the product.由商品价格变化导致Change in Demand需求的变化A shift in the demand curve,either to the left or right.需求曲线发生移动：左移或右移Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.由除了价格以外的影响需
15、求的其他因素变化导致火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Changes in Quantity Demanded0D1Price of Cigarettes per PackNumber of Cigarettes Smoked per DayA tax that raises the price of cigarettes results in a movement along the demand curve.AC202.00$4.0012火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹
16、上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Changes in Demand0D1Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream ConesD3D2Increase in demandDecrease in demand火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Consumer IncomeAs income increases the demand for a normal good will increase.随着收入的增加，对正常品的需求会增加Necessaries必需品Luxuries奢侈品A
17、s income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease.随着收入的增加，对劣等品的需求会减少火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Consumer IncomeNormal Good$3.002.502.001.501.000.502134 56789 101211Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream Cones0Increasein demandAn increase in income.D1D2火
18、灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Consumer IncomeInferior Good$3.002.502.001.501.000.502134 56789 101211Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream Cones0Decreasein demandAn increase in income.D1D2火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Prices of Related GoodsSubsti
19、tutes&ComplementsWhen a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good,the two goods are called substitutes.如果一个商品的价格下降会减少另外一个商品的需求，则这两种商品称为替代品。When a fall in the price of one good increases the demand for another good,the two goods are called complements.如果一个商品的价格下降会增加另外一个商品的需求，则
20、这两种商品称为互补品。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in DemandVariables that Affect Quantity DemandedA Change in This Variable.PriceRepresents a movementalong the demand curveIncomeShifts the demand curvePrices of relatedgoodsShifts the demand cu
21、rveTastesShifts the demand curveExpectationsShifts the demand curveNumber ofbuyersShifts the demand curve火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Supply供给Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.供给量是指一个商品的销售者愿意且能够销售的数量。The Law of Supply states
22、that there is a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.(land,relics,superstar)供给法则是指价格和供给量正相关（土地、遗迹、超级明星）火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Supply Curve$3.002.502.001.501.000.5021345 6789 101211Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream Cones0火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥
23、而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Market Supply市场供给Market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service.市场供给曲线是指某个商品或服务所有的卖者的供给量之和Graphically,individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve.从图像上看，将个人供给水平加总就可得
24、到市场供给。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Determinants of Supply供给的决定因素Market price市场价格Inputs prices投入品价格Technology技术Expectations期望Number of producers生产者的数量火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Change in Quantity Supplied versus Change in SupplyChange in Quantity Su
25、pplied供给量的变化Movement along the supply curve.沿着供给曲线Caused by a change in the market price of the product.由产品的市场价格变化导致Change in Supply供给的变化A shift in the supply curve,either to the left or right.供给曲线移动：左移或右移Caused by a change in a determinant other than price.由除价格以外的供给影响因素变化导致火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，
26、要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Change in Quantity Supplied1 5Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream Cones0S 1.00AC$3.00A rise in the price of ice cream cones results in a movement along the supply curve.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Change in SupplyPrice of Ice-Cream Cone
27、Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones0S1S2S3Increase in SupplyDecrease in Supply火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Change in Quantity Supplied versus Change in Supply火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Supply and Demand TogetherEquilibrium均衡A situation in which quantity su
28、pplied equals quantity demanded.供给量等于需求量的状态Equilibrium Price均衡价格The price that balances supply and demand.使得供给和需求均衡时的价格 Equilibrium Quantity均衡数量The quantity that balances supply and demand.使得供给和需求相等时的数量火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去SupplyDemandPrice of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity
29、of Ice-Cream ConesEquilibrium of Supply and Demand21345 6789 1012110$3.002.502.001.501.000.50Equilibrium火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Ice-Cream Cones21345 678 9 1012110$3.002.502.001.501.000.50SupplyDemandSurplusExcess Supply火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂
30、拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Excess DemandQuantity ofIce-Cream ConesPrice ofIce-CreamCone$2.000123456789 10 11 12 13SupplyDemand$1.50Shortage火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Three Steps to Analyze Changes in EquilibriumDecide whether the event shifts the supply or deman
31、d curve(or both).确定事件是移动供给曲线还是需求曲线（或两者）Decide whether the curve(s)shift(s)to the left or to the right.确定曲线是左移还是右移Examine how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity.确定曲线的移动如何影响均衡价格和数量火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去How an Increase in Demand Affects the EquilibriumPrice
32、 ofIce-CreamCone2.0007Quantity ofIce-Cream ConesSupplyInitialequilibriumD11.Hot weather increasesthe demand for ice cream.D22.resultingin a higherprice.$2.50103.and a higherquantity sold.New equilibrium火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去S2How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equil
33、ibriumPrice ofIce-CreamCone2.000123478911 12Quantity ofIce-Cream Cones13DemandInitial equilibriumS1101.An earthquake reducesthe supply of ice cream.Newequilibrium2.resultingin a higherprice.$2.503.and a lowerquantity sold.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去SummaryEconomists use th
34、e model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets.经济学家使用供给需求模型来分析竞争性市场The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good depends upon the price.需求曲线表明需求量如何依赖于价格According to the law of demand,as the price of a good rises,the quantity demanded falls.根据需求法则，价格上升会导致需求量下降In addition to price,oth
35、er determinants of quantity demanded include income,tastes,expectations,and the prices of complements and substitutes.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去SummaryThe supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends upon the price.According to the law of supply,as the p
36、rice of a good rises,the quantity supplied rises.In addition to price,other determinants of quantity supplied include input prices,technology,and expectations.Market equilibrium is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去SummarySupply and demand together determine the prices of the economys goods and services.In market economies,prices are the signals that guide the allocation of resources.Please refer to the textbook:How prices allocate resources.