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1、Law Infrastructure and Human RightsCambr i dge Un i vers i ty Press 法律法学理论3Pl: JZZ052185962Xc07 CUFX007B/Likosky 0 521 85962 X August 25, 2006 19:40IV TEN-Ts, PPPs, and human rights 149renegotiated the loans, arranging a twenty-f i ve-year maturity with lowerinterest. Thisamountwasloweredinpartasare
2、sultofasovereignguaranteethat wasaddedon. 121 In the end, the number of users turned out to be somewhere between one-third 122 and one-half 123 of the number predicted. A default of the private operatorhad led to a renationalisation. 124 It also heralded an era in which governmentguarantees became n
3、ecessary to raise private capital.125AnotherpreaccessionexperimentwithtransnationalPPPsinvolvingEUinsti tu-tions is the A2 road in Poland. The country suffers from some of the worst roads inCentral Europe. 126 The A2 is to connect Poland and Germany. The contract runsseventeen years. The A2 was buil
4、t through a transnational PPP, part of which waspursued through a build-operate-transfer contractual arrangement.The PPP is transnational at the f i nancing and operating stages. Credit Lyon-nais and Commerzbank led the loan syndication. The EIB provided f i nancing, making the A2 the f i rst major
5、PPP road project supported by it. Also DeutscheBank served as the f i nancial advisor. The law f i rms of Baker amp; McKenzie andAllen amp; Overy provided legal assistance, further adding to the transnational char-acter of the project. 127 Although the concession company is Policy, AutostradaWielkop
6、olska SA, a transnational consortium will construct and operate theproject. Support of the Polish government in the form of guarantees was essential forbringing the project forward. 128 However, this support stood in the face of pop-ular opposition to the project. Controversy existed over whether th
7、e road wouldpromoteeconomicdevelopmentofthecountryspoorerregions. Atthesameti me,project promoters marshaled arguments that the economic integration of the EUwould result from the road. Although arguments were put forward, the underlyingeconomic premise of the project was not scrutinized. 129Given the popular opposition, the .