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1、Chapter 1 BasicKnowledgeforThesisWriting Whyshouldwewritethethesis?Towriteathesisbeforegraduationisamustforeveryuniversitygraduate.1.Bywritingathesis,wemaygetsomeexperienceandsomebasicmethodsforfurthertheoreticalstudyandresearchandtheabilitytosolveproblems.2.Itisthereflectionofastudentsstudyincolleg
2、e.Whetherastudenthassuchanabilitytowriteathesisortosolveproblemsinhis/herfieldisonebasisforaunittoaccepthim/herornot.Major features of research papers1.Itisanoriginalcompilationabringingtogetherfrommanydifferentsources,includingyourownanalysis,intoonecoherentwhole.Itisanewcreation,inwhichdifferentpa
3、rtsarelogicallyrelatedandallcenteronaresearchquestion.2.Aresearchpapershouldcenterononelimitedaspectofageneralsubject.Try to write more and more about less and less.The topic should be an inch wide and a mile deep.(NARROWTOPIC)3.Aresearchpapershouldbeobjectiveintone.Theconclusionelaboratedinthepaper
4、shouldstayclosetotheevidenceactuallypresented.Avoidsubjectswhosediscussionmightbringintoplayalargemeasureofpartisanallegiance,personalpreference,orindividualtaste-orbepreparedtomakeaspecialefforttobeobjective.Whatdoweneedwhenwewriteathesis?1.Firstly,forEnglishmajor,mostimportantofall,itisEnglishknow
5、ledgeandabilitythatbasedonyourlanguageskills,especiallywritingskillandgrammarknowledge.2.Secondly,thewayofwritingisalsoimportant.agoodtitle,somegoodideastosupportthesisstatement,rightlanguageandstandardformatThelanguagestyle,forexample:Wording:wepreferbigwordtosmallone;Sentence:Longsentencesarequite
6、expectable.Howmanystepsshouldwefollowtowriteathesis?1.Chooseatopic:thatis,whatyouaregoingtowriteabout.2.Chooseatitle/Titleapaper;3.Collectmaterialsforreferenceinwriting;4.Analyzethecollectedmaterials;5.Sortoutthedataandarguments;6.Listreferences;7.Makeupanoutline;8.13drafts;9.Proofread;10.Thelastver
7、sion.Two major formats of the thesisTheformatsofthethesismaydifferaccordingtotypesofthesis.Therearetwomajortypes:empiricalresearchpaper;theoreticalresearchpaperThesis based on the collection of empirical data or case study empirical research paperTheinformationinthistypeofthesisisderivedfromdirectob
8、servationincasestudyorexperience.Thiskindofthesisfollowsastandardformat.Thechaptersareusuallydividedintofivecategories,correspondingtothestagesofresearch.IntroductionThe review of related research and literatureMethods of the investigationResultsDiscussion and interpretation1)IntroductionThispartsho
9、uldintroducethesubject;importanceandvalidityoftheproblemchosenforstudy;thepotentialcontributionofthestudyandtheneedfortheresearchandnecessarybackgroundinformation.Youshouldmakeaclearandconcisestatementoftheproblem,ananalysisofitsdelimitationofscope;hypotheses;statisticalstudyofvariables;theschedulep
10、rocedureforcollectingdata.Itshouldalsoincludethebasicassumptionsofthestudyanddefinitionsofterms.2)The review of related research and literatureThispartpresentsthecontextofyourstudy.Itshouldnotonlysummarizeaseriesofbooksandarticles,rather,itshouldcallattentiontothemostimportantpreviouswork:identifyth
11、eplaceofyourworkinrelationtotheirresearch,presentingagreementanddisagreementinthefield;evaluatingtheexistingresearch,butnotjustrepeatingit;organizingthereviewbytopicratherthanbyauthor,avoidingunnecessaryquotationstofocusthereviewofresearch.3)Methods of the investigationChaptersinthispartshoulddiscus
12、sthenatureofthesample,thedataneededtotestthehypothesesortoanswerthequestions,thesourcesofdata,andtheprocedurefollowedingatheringandanalyzingthedata,givinginformationofparticipants,materialsandprocedures.4)ResultsTheanalysisoftheresultwithoutevaluationistheheartofathesisbasedonthecollectionofempirica
13、ldata.Thechaptersshouldpresenttheresultsoftheinvestigationwithoutinterpretationofevaluation,reportingnegativeaswellaspositiveresults.Theinformationshouldbeexplainedinclear,coherentprose.Ifyouwishtoaccompanyyouranalysiswithtablesorfigures,theseshouldsupplementthetextratherthansubstituteforit.Thebodyo
14、fthepapershouldbecomprehensive5)Discussion and interpretationThefinalchaptersshouldbedevotedtodiscussionandinterpretationofthedataandtoformulationofyourconclusions.Theyalsocover:theimplicationsoffindingsforrevisingtheexistingbodyofknowledge;therelationoftheresultstopreviousresearch,limitationsofthes
15、tudyandunexpectedfindings,practicalapplicationsofthefindingsorspeculationsaboutfurtherresearchThesis based on critical analysis or philosophical speculation theoretical research paperForlibraryresearchpapers,orthesesbasedoncriticalanalysis,therearesomecommonelements.IntroductionBodyConclusion1)Intro
16、ductiondefinesyourtopicandresearchfocus,describesverybrieflythebackgroundofpreviousworkinthefield,andexplainsthescopeandimportanceofyourtopic.2)BodyThecentralchaptersshoulddevelopandpresenttheresultofyourresearchandyourdetailedanalysisclearly,logicallyandsystematicallytodemonstratethatyouranalysiswi
17、llconfirmorillustrateyourthesisstatementtoconvincereaders.3)ConclusionTheconclusionmightincludethesummaryorrepetitionofyourmajorargument,implicationsandlimitationsofyourresearch,andsuggestionsforthefutureresearch.Itincludestheinterpretationorstatementofthesignificanceofthethesis;expositionofthefindi
18、ngs;implicationsoftheworkfortherevisionofpreviousinterpretations;proofordisproofofassumptionsortheoriesinthefield;newareasofinquiryopenedbythestudyChoosingaTopic1.Sources and considerations for research topics:Research topics couldcomefromtheoriesoflanguageteachingandlearning,yourexperienceandintere
19、sts,andothersresearch.A good topic shouldbeinteresting,significant,researchable,andmodest;onethatyouarefamiliarwith;youcanlearnorinvestigateandyoucanfindenoughdata.2.Suggested steps when choosing a topic2.1.Identifyaresearchinterestorresearchproblem.2.2.Narrowthetopicdownasmuchaspossible2.3.Reviewth
20、eliteratureonthetopicascompletelyaspossible.2.4.Statetheprobleminaquestionformandthentranslateitintoathesisstatement.2.4 Finding an approachFive Approaches to a Research Subject1.Youcanexamine or analyze itbylookingatvariousaspectsofthesubjectsandviewingitfrommorethanoneperspective.2.Youcanevaluate
21、or criticize it,thusmakingajudgmentaboutthequalityofyoursubject.3.Youcancompare and contrast thingsorideas,showinghowbothsimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesexistorareevidentwhenyoulookcloselyatthesubject.4.Youcanestablish relationships amongideas,showinghowtheyhavedrawnfromeachotherorhowtheyarerelatedino
22、therwaystootherideas.5.Youcanargue for or against somethingortrytopersuade readerstoagreewithyou.Subject Areas,Topics,Questions and Thesis StatementsYoushouldchooseabroadsubject area andageneralareaaboutyoursubject.Thenyougoonreadingandthinkingaboutyoursubjectandconsideryourpurposeandprospectiveaudi
23、ence;younarrowyoursubjecttoaspecifictopic.Thenyouformulateyourtopicasaquestion andathesis statement.Whattopicsmaywechoosetowrite?EnglishandAmericanLiteratureThePracticeandTheoryofTranslationEnglishLanguageEnglishLinguisticsEnglishGrammarEnglishPhoneticsEnglishLexicologyEnglishRhetoricLanguageandCult
24、ureELTMethodologyTeachingEnglishinMiddleSchoolEnglishTeachingResearchandSurveyTheHistoryof(Allmentionedabove)HowtoChooseaSuitabletopicWheneveryouplanandwriteapaper,youshouldkeepthesequestionsinmind:1.WhatismytopicandwhatdoIknowaboutit?Chooseatopicthatyoucareaboutandknowabout(orcanfindoutabout).2.Who
25、ismyaudience?Whatyousayaboutyourtopicdependsgreatlyonwhoreadsit.Youmustchooseatopicthatwillinterestyouraudienceandtrytopresentitinterestingly.3.Whatismypurpose?Youalwayscommunicateforapurposeeithertoinform,topersuade,ortoentertain.4.WhatmustYouWriteinaThesis?Inthelimitedspaceofathesis,youcantsayever
26、ything,soyoumustsettleonthemostimportant,mostrelevant,andmostinteresting.FactorsInfluencingtheChoiceoftopicInterestExperienceSciencevalueAbilityScopeofknowledgePurposeHowtoGetaTitle?Wehavetwowaystogetatitle:GivenbyteachersDesignedbyyourselfTheybothhavetheiradvantages.Fortheformer,youwillhaveadefinit
27、edirectiontoguideyoutotheend,while,forthelatter,itcanbemoreflexibleforyouandeverythingdependsonyourself.WhatIsaGoodTitle?Agoodtitle,usuallycreatedaftersomeparagraphsorathemeiswritten,doestwothings:1.Itsuggestswhatthetopicofthethesiswillbe;2.ItsparksthereadersinterestSomeBasicKindsofTitlesDescriptive
28、:PortraitofaTeacherIllustration:ThreeRolesIPlayComparison:CrazyEnglish:TheNewAllPhysicalResponseApproachContrast:PleasuresandProblemsofOwningaComputerDefinition:ADefinitionofCLTPersuasion:TheNeedforDisciplineinUniversityClassification:ThreeTypesofEducationProcess:HowtoTeachYoungChildrenEnglishHowlon
29、gshouldatitleusuallybe?Atitleisusuallyfourtofivewordslongandisrarelyanentiresentence.(110wordsismorepractical.)Notice:Wecantwriteanythingwiththetitle“On”,becausethissmall“on”istoobigforus.Whatis“makeafussoveratrifle”?Thatisaprincipleforuswhenwewriteathesis:Writeasmuchaspossibleonasmalltitle.Whenwewr
30、iteathesis,wemustmakeafullconsiderationofwhetherthepossibilitytochoosea“big”ora“small”topiccomparatively.Disadvantagesfora“Big”TopicAbigtopicneedscollectingmorematerials.Soitismoredifficultforbeginners.Hardtocontrol.Iftherearetoomanysidesinathesisforustomakeclear,thechancetobesuccessfulisveryslim.Ha
31、rdtomakeclearaboutthestatementwithinlimitedwords(about4000words).Everythingwillstayonthesurface.Timeproblem(2-3months)NoticeRemember:toseeastudentsstandardofwritingisntbyhow“big”hisorhertopicis,butbyhisorherabilitytofindproblems,analyzeproblemsandsolveproblems.Fourlevelsoftitling第一次选题（太宽泛）TheHumanNa
32、tureinD.H.LawrencesNovel第二次选题（限定范围）WhichNovelofLawrencesWritings第三次选题（限定范围）WhatkindofhumanNatureofLawrence最终选题TheGoodandEvilValueofHumanNatureinD.H.LawrencesThe RainbowFourlevelsoftitling1topic:ELTMethodologyLimitedtopic:ModernEnglishTeachingMethodsInitialtitle:CLT:AModernTeachingMethodtitle:CLTinGr
33、ammarTeachingFourlevelsoftitlingexample2topic:democracyLimitedtopic:modificationstodemocracyInitialtitle:modificationstoAmericandemocracytitle:modificationstoAmericandemocracyduringthenexttwentyyearsFormulating a Thesis StatementThesisinathesismeansanassumptionaboutyourtopic,anapproachtoit,anattitud
34、etowardit,apropositiontobeexamined.Itisthe controlling idea thatdetermineswhatkindofmaterialyouwilllookfor.Athesisnarrowsyourtopicfurtherandensuresthatitwillbemanageable.Itissubjecttorevision.Youmaydiscoverevidencethatchangesyouroriginalidea,andsoyoushouldregardyourthesisastentative,atleastuntilyouh
35、avecompletedyourroughdraft.Informa thesis statement isasinglesentence,usuallywiththetopicofthepaperasthegrammaticalsubject.Itisoftenadifficultsentencetocompose.Youwillprobablyneedtotryseveralversions,jugglingphrasesandsearchingformorespecificwordsuntilyouarriveatasatisfactorystatement.Keeprevisingun
36、tilyouhaveasentencethatclearlyexpressesyourtopicandcentralidea.Features ofaneffectivethesisstatement1)Bespecific.2)Useyourownideas.3)Besureyoucanbuildanargument.4)Phraseitinasingle,directsentence.WritingtheThesisStatementTherearemanywaystomakevaguethesisstatementmorespecific.Asageneralrule,replaceva
37、guewordswithmoreexactwordsandreplacevagueideaswithmorecompleteinformation.E.g.:Vague:MyrecenttriptoBeijingwasreallybad.Revised:MyrecenttriptoBeijingwasdisappointingbecausethewhetherupsetmysightseeingplans.Thesis Statement ExerciseTopics:CommunicativelanguageteachingapproachTheuseoftextbooksinlanguag
38、eclassroomsMetaphorLinguistictaboosQuestions:HasCommunicativelanguageteachingapproachaffectedactualclassroomactivities?HowdoestheuseoftextbooksinlanguageclassroomsaffectEnglishlanguageteaching?Whataretheeffectsofmetaphoricaluseoflanguageincommunication?Dolinguistictaboosserveanyfunctions?Thesis Stat
39、ements:Communicative Language Teaching facilitatestheteachingofreadinginEnglishclassrooms.Althoughtextbooks playacentralroleinEnglishlanguageclassrooms,therearecrucialdifferencesinthewaysinwhichtextbooksarecreativelyused.Metaphors at different levels addlotsofpowerandglorytothelanguageincommunicatio
40、n.Linguistic taboos used under appropriate contexts fulfilldifferentcommunicativefunctions.PlanningandOrderingtheBodyThethesisstatementsetsforththemainideaoftheentireessay,butitisthebodyoftheessaythatmustfullysupportanddiscussthatthesisstatement.PlanningtheBodyIncomposingthethesisstatement,thewriter
41、hasalreadygivensomethoughttowhatthebodywillcontain.Now,heorsheshouldmakeaplanthatincludes:1)threetofivemainideastosupportthethesisstatement2)threetofivetopicsentencesstatingtheseideas3)aplanforeachparagraphinthebody4)alogicalorderinwhichtopresenttheseparagraphsHowtocollectmaterials?Collectamplemater
42、ialsCollecttheoriginalorfirst-handmaterialsCollectingmaterialsisaprocess,aprocessofresearchingNoticeWeshouldalsobecarefulwiththefollowingpoints:1)Itiswrongandimpossibletotrycollectingallthematerialsthathavelittletodowithwhatyouarewriting.Itismostimportantofalltocollectthemostimportantandmosttypicalm
43、aterialsthatyouneed.2)Dontbeafraidthatyoucantcollectenoughmaterials.Notice23)Understandyourmaterialscompletelyandmakegooduseofthematerials.Dontcutthemeaningsinthematerialsintobrokenpieceswithoutanyrelations.4)Notonlycollectthematerialsthatsupportyourarguments,butalsocollectthematerialsthatdontsuppor
44、tyourarguments.Onlyinthiswaycanyourwritingbeprovedtobescientific,andyourargumentscanholdwater.ChannelsofmaterialcollectionA.LibraryB.ReadingroomC.InternetD.BookstoreE.TeachersF.FriendsWhatshouldwewritedownwhenwecollectandreadmaterials?Whilewearecollectingandreadingmaterials,trytoformthehabitoftaking
45、notes,including:theauthor,title,edition,press,publishingplaceandtime,page,etc.forabook;magazine,page,author,titleandtimeforamagazine,orelse.SortoutandanalyzethematerialsAfterwevegotenoughmaterials,weshouldsortoutandanalyzethematerialscarefullyandconsiderwhetherwhatyouaregoingtowriteaboutisscientific
46、andvaluableornot,andwhetheritispossibleforyoutowriteyours,andthenyoumaydecidethetitleofyourthesisafteryouhavereadenoughmaterialsanddecidedonthetheme.Nowitwillbeclearwhatyouaregoingtowriteaboutandnextistoreadfortheargumentstosupportyourstatement.Shape an OutlineShapeaframeworkfirst:Thatistodecidefrom
47、whichsidestowriteandhowmanypartswearegoingtowrite,andhowmanysmallerpartsaregoingtobewrittenineachpart.Thekeyistousethelogicalwaytomakeeachpartorganizetogetherandeachofthemcantbereversedandeachofthemcantbecutoff,andeachpartshouldbeenteredonthetheme.WriteanOutlineGenerallyspeaking,anoutlinecontainsthr
48、eelevels:TitleIntroduction1-2paragraphsPart1factsanddetailsBodyPart2factsanddetailsPart3factsanddetailsConclusion1-2paragraphsMoreaboutOutlineInthebody,wecanalsoillustrateasbelow:-ArgumentfactsanddetailsThemeArgumentfactsanddetailsArgumentfactsanddetails-NecessitytowriteanoutlineItcanhelpthewriter:1
49、)combinetheseparatematerialsintoawholebodyandconsiderthelogicalrelationshipofthematerials2)findoutwhatthewriterstilldontknowclearlyaboutandwhatmaterialsarestillneededtocollectandtothinkabout.3)decidewhichmaterialswillbeusedandwhichmaterialswillbeleftout.Abriefoutlineoradetailedoutline?Themoredetaile
50、dtheoutlineis,theeasierthewritingcouldbecontrolled.So,sometimes,agoodoutlineismadeupofallofthetopicsentencesofeachpart.The First DraftMakethetrainsofthoughtclearlyArrangedetailsandgeneralityproperlyMakeaclearandexactstatement,notinthetopicbutallthroughthethesisSetforthyourstatementintheinstructiondi