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1、高考英语知识精讲：定义从句概念及难点一定义定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.2) You must do everyth
2、ing that I do.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格who, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 在定语从句中担当一个成分。二、三大功能定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起定语的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主语的全部内容。通常在被修饰的词语(即先行词)之后，由“关系词”引导。定语从句的三种功能：1.连接功能：连接从句，引导一个定语从句2.指代功能：指代先行词3.语法功能：在定语从句中充当
3、句子成分。三、关系副词引导定语从句1.关系副词在从句中分别表示时间.地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。2. that可引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。四、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man w
4、ho lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语)(2) This is the pen (whi
5、ch) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom;指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语)(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a docto
6、r.(2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?五、As在定语从句中
7、的用法1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.(3)the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。2.As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：(1) As is exp
8、ected, the England team won the football match.（2）The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.六、 that在定语从句中的用法先行词为不定代词、先行词是形容词级或被形容词级修饰、先行词是序数词或其被序数词修饰、先行词被the very， the only等词修饰、先行词包含了人和事物两方面的含义、先行词被same修饰，且指“同一物品”、关系代词在定语从句中作表语、主句是以who，which开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是who。1、定语从句that的八种特殊用法引导定语从句的关系代词w
9、ho，which有时可与that互换使用。但在下面情况，一般只用that.1.当先行词为不定代词anything， everything， nothing， any， little， one， few， much， all， none等时。如：?a.There isnt much that I can do. b.He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.2.当先行词是形容词级或被形容词级修饰时。如：?a.The book is the best that I have read. b.This is the bigge
10、st laboratory that we have ever built in our university.3.当先行词是序数词或其被序数词修饰时。如：?a.It is the third one that Ive bought. b.This is the first place that Ive ever visited.4.当先行词被the very， the only等词修饰时。如：?a.Is this the very museum that you visited the other day? b.This is the only book that I need at pre
11、sent.5.当先行词包含了人和事物两方面的含义时。如：?They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6.当先行词被same修饰，且指“同一物品”时。如：?She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.7.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如：?a.This is no longer the place that it used to be. b.He is not the man that he was.8.当主句是以who，which开头的
12、特殊疑问句或先行词是who时。如：a.Which is the book that he bought yesterday? b.Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?2、that 引导的结果状语从句1)由that引导的状语从句。What have I done that you should treat me like this? 我究竟干了什么，你竟这样对待我？2)结果状语从句中的that 有时还可以省列。He is such a marvelous joker you cant help laughing. 他的笑话讲得那么出色，你会禁不住哈哈大笑。从结构的角度讲，区分that是引导状语从句还是引导定语从句可以根椐从句的成分是否完整来判断。定语从句通常是不完整的，即从句所修饰的先行词会在从句中充当某成分。如：It is a story that people believe. 这是一个人们都相信的故事。(这里story作believe的宾语。)学科网（北京）股份有限公司