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1、IDOS STUDIES 1072022Decarbonising Cities: Assessing Governance Approaches for Transformative ChangeMichael RollChristian von HaldenwangChristina GrohmannMaria Elisabeth GronenAnne LaibleJohanna OrthFlorian WengelLisa ZumegenDecarbonising cities: assessing governance approaches for transformative cha
2、ngeMichael RollChristian von HaldenwangChristina GrohmannMaria Elisabeth GronenAnne LaibleJohanna OrthFlorian WengelLisa ZumegenBonn 2022Michael Roll is a researcher in the “Transformation of Political (Dis-)order” research programme at the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).E
3、mail: michael.rollidos-research.deDr Christian von Haldenwang is a senior researcher in the “Transformation of Political (Dis-)order” research programme at the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).Email: christian.vonhaldenwangidos-research.deChristina Grohmann, Maria Elisabeth
4、Gronen, Anne Laible, Johanna Orth, Florian Wengel and Lisa Zumegen were junior researchers and participants in the 56th Postgraduate Training Programme 2020/2021 of the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut fr Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), which was renamed the German Institute of Developme
5、nt and Sustainability (IDOS) in June 2022.Published with financial support from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW).Suggested citation:Roll, M., von Haldenwang, C., Grohmann, M. E., Laible, A., Wengel, F., & Zumegen, L. (2
6、022). Decarbonising cities: assessing governance approaches for transformative change (IDOS Studies 107). Bonn: German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS). https:/doi.org/10.23661/s107.2022Disclaimer:The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily r
7、eflect the views or policies of the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).Except otherwise noted, this publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0). You are free to copy, communicate and adapt this work, as long as you attribute the German Institute of D
8、evelopment and Sustainability (IDOS) gGmbH and the author(s).Studies / German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) gGmbHISSN (Online) 2751-4471DOI: https:/doi.org/10.23661/is107.2022 German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 BonnEmail: publicat
9、ionsidos-research.dehttp:/www.idos-research.deIDOS Studies 107AcknowledgementsWe have been lucky to receive support from many people without whom this research project would not have been possible. We therefore want to thank each and everyone for their contributions, remarks, food for thought, and s
10、o much more. Under normal circumstances, we would have met many of you in person and would have been able to thank you personally. As this was not possible, we want at least to name all those people who were of the greatest support to us.Our work has greatly benefitted from thoughtful comments and i
11、nputs by the members of our expert team: Julia Leininger, Eva Dick, Armin von Schiller, Franco Jauregui Fung, and Ariel Macaspac Hernandez from the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS). We also want to highlight the valuable inputs from our IDOS colleagues Steffen Bauer, Gabriel
12、a Iacobuta, Anna Pegels, and Sascha Kuhn. We also thank Lisa Stefanutti for her support with our city database.Valuable inputs have also been provided by Oliver Lah, Santhosh Kodukula, and Maria Rosa Muoz Barriga from the Wuppertal Institute; Christian Luy, Emma Hogenschurz, and Benjamin Oloyede fro
13、m Decentralisation & Local Governance (DeLoG); and Marie-Sophie Schwarz, and Barbara Scholz from the GIZ Sector Project Cities. We especially want to highlight Maria Rosa Muoz Barrigas support in connecting us with stakeholders for our Quito case study. In the same regard, we thank Giovana Figueired
14、o and Barbara Godoy from ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) South America for establishing further contacts to the City of Quito, as well as Pourya Salehi, Dana Vigran, and Beatriz Fonseca from the ICLEI World Secretariat for supporting and promoting our project.To Anna Taylor, Sylvia Croe
15、se, Anton Cartwright, Paul Currie, Lorena Pasquini, Katrin Seidel, Britta Rennkamp, and Jeroen van der Heijden we express gratitude for their suggestions on possible case study cities. Thanks go also to the CIVITAS (City Vitality and Sustainability network) Secretariat, particularly Ana Aleixo, and
16、the City of Cape Town, particularly Shamiela Reid, for their support.We thank Priscilla Negreiros from Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance, and Cesar Carreo from Carbonn for interesting insights into climate data. Further, we are grateful to Chris Rhie, Nikhil Nadkarni, David Dodman, Eric Chu
17、, Linda Shi, Missy Stults, and Harriet Bulkeley for their help with the quest for the original Aylett survey.Additionally, we appreciate the valuable feedback on our survey and case study from Joachim Helbig, Stefan Wagner, Verena Schwarte, and Angelika Baukloh from the city of Bonn. Further, we wan
18、t to thank Maria Camila Uribe, Ophelie Chevalier, Claudia Huerta, and Gonzalo Lanfranco Mongrut from the Inter-American Development Bank for the exchange. Also, we appreciate the discussion of our research with the Urban Management class at the Technische Universitt (TU) Berlin and are grateful for
19、their comments. We also thank Kathrin Thomas for advising us on constructing our survey.In addition, we are grateful for helpful remarks and support from the International Climate Initiative Transformative Urban Coalitions (IKI-TUC) project team, especially Simone Sandholz, Jorgelina Hardoy, Pablo L
20、azo, Florencia Almansi, Rogier van den Berg, and Tucker Landesman. We wish the IKI-TUC team all the best for their important project!Of course, case studies are not possible without people agreeing to share their insights and experiences. We therefore thank all interviewees for taking the time to en
21、lighten us with their perspectives and knowledgeIIIIDOS Studies 107Additionally, we are grateful for the support we received from the Head of Service Facilities at IDOS, Margret Heyen, and her staff, who provided us with crucial IT and library services, as well as the IDOS Communications Team for th
22、e support with our website. And, last but not least, special thanks to IDOS postgraduate programme director Regine Mehl, who, together with Andrea Herder and Sven Grimm, was a great support throughout the main research phase.Bonn, July 2022Michael Roll, Christian von Haldenwang, Christina Grohmann,M
23、aria Elisabeth Gronen, Anne Laible, Johanna Orth, Florian Wengel, Lisa ZumegenIVIDOS Studies 107ContentsAcknowledgementsIIIAbbreviationsVIIIExecutive summary11Introduction42Transformative change in cities52.1Conceptualisation62.2 Transformative cities: recent trends72.2.1Cities82.2.2Networks82.2.3Aw
24、ards92.2.4Datasets103Research design113.1 Dependent variables: success dimensions of transformative change113.1.1Literature overview on success123.1.2Award criteria of success133.1.3Our definition of success143.2 Explanatory variables: three governance dimensions for urban transformation153.2.1Stake
25、holder involvement163.2.2Urban finance193.2.3Impact assessment223.3 Empirical strategy and data253.3.1Survey approach263.3.2Case study approach284Findings294.1Survey294.1.1Status quo of local government mitigation action304.1.2Success dimensions of transformative change324.1.3Stakeholder involvement
26、354.1.4Urban finance394.1.5Impact assessment414.1.6Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic444.1.7Networks444.1.8Summary46VIDOS Studies 1074.2Case study Bonn474.2.1Introduction and context474.2.2Climate action in Bonn474.2.3Status of transformation504.2.4Explaining change534.2.5Summary574.3Case study Quito57
27、4.3.1Introduction and context574.3.2Climate action in Quito584.3.3Status of transformation604.3.4Explaining change634.3.5Summary684.4Case study Cape Town694.4.1Introduction and context694.4.2Climate action in Cape Town704.4.3Status of transformation724.4.4Explaining change734.4.5Summary785Conclusion
28、s795.1Findings795.2Key lessons and limitations82References84Annex92VIIDOS Studies 107TablesTable 1: Percentage of population supporting local government (LG) mitigation activities34Table 2: General, emissions-, and climate action-related data on Bonn50Table 3: General, emissions-, and climate action
29、-related data on Quito61Table 4: General, emissions-, and climate action-related data on Cape Town71FiguresFigure 1: Dependent variables: success dimensions for transformative change14Figure 2: Hypotheses framework25Figure 3: Map of case study cities and source countries of city survey responses28Fi
30、gure 4: Emission reduction activities by sector (ranking)31Figure 5: Upscaling of mitigation activities beyond the city34Figure 6: Responses towards local government mitigation activities35Figure 7: Frequency of stakeholder involvement in mitigation activities36Figure 8: Frequency of involving stake
31、holders37Figure 9: Cross-tabulation: change in speed of planning (2013-2018) and stakeholderinvolvement38Figure 10: Cross-tabulation: change in speed of implementation (2013-2018) and stakeholderinvolvement38Figure 11: Cross-tabulation: city population support and stakeholder involvement39Figure 12:
32、 Financing sources for mitigation activities (ranking)40Figure 13: Cross-tabulation: change in GHG emissions (2013-2018) and mobilisation ofadditional funding41Figure 14: Methods of impact assessment42Figure 15: Frequency of impact assessment by stakeholder groups43Figure 16: Cross-tabulation: spati
33、al scope and methods used in impact assessment43Figure 17: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic44Figure 18: Network benefits45Annex tablesTable A1: List of all identified city networks and awards and contact strategy for the survey92Table A2: International datasets covering aspects of transformative change i
34、n cities94Table A3: City survey responses by source country96Table A4: List of interview partners for case studies97Annex figuresFigure A1: Change of speed (2013-2018) of approval, planning and implementation ofmitigation activities98Figure A2: Reasons for public expressions of discontent against mi
35、tigation activities98Figure A3: Guidance cities rely upon in their mitigation activities99Figure A4: Tools used to involve stakeholders99Figure A5: Cross-tabulation: Change in GHG emissions (2013-2018) and stakeholderinvolvement100Figure A6: Local government financing options100VIIIDOS Studies 107Ab
36、breviationsACCAfrican Centre for CitiesBISKOBilanzierungs-Systematik Kommunal (municipal CO2 accounting system)BMUBundesministerium fr Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (Federal Ministryfor the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)BMZBundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusa
37、mmenarbeit und Entwicklung (FederalMinistry for Economic Cooperation and Development)C40C40 is a global network of mayors of nearly 100 cities that address the climate crisisCDPCarbon Disclosure ProjectCDUChristlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany)CIVITASCity
38、Vitality and Sustainability networkCO2eCO2 equivalentsDeLoGDecentralisation & Local GovernanceDIEGerman Development Institute / Deutsches Institut fr Entwicklungspolitik (now GermanInstitute of Development and Sustainability, IDOS)DMQDistrito Metropolitano de QuitoEEAEuropean Energy AwardEEAEuropean
39、 Environment AgencyEGCAEuropean Green Capital AwardEGLAEuropean Green Leaf AwardEUReuroFONAGFondo de Agua (water fund)FUAfunctional urban areaGCoMGlobal Covenant of Mayors for Climate & EnergyGDPgross domestic productGHGgreenhouse gasGIZDeutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale ZusammenarbeitGPCGlobal
40、 Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission InventoriesGVAgross value addedGWPGlobal Warming PotentialICATInitiative for Climate Action TransparencyICLEILocal Governments for SustainabilityIDOSGerman Institute of Development and SustainabilityIDPIntegrated Development Plan (Cape Town)IPPin
41、dependent power providerIKIInternationale Klimaschutzinitiative (International Climate Initiative)IKI-TUCInternational Climate Initiative Transformative Urban CoalitionsIT.NRWInformation und Technik Nordrhein-WestfalenLAG 21 NRWLandesarbeitsgemeinschaft Agenda 21 Nordrhein-WestfalenVIIIIDOS Studies
42、107LGlocal governmentLSKLeitstelle Klimaschutz (Climate Office, Bonn)MITmotorised individual trafficNDCNationally Determined Contributions (Paris Agreement)NGOnon-governmental organisationNRWNorth Rhine-WestphaliaOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentSDGSustainable Development Go
43、alSEASustainable Energy AfricaSNG-WOFIWorld Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and InvestmentSPDSozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany)SWBStadtwerke Bonn (public utility company)SWB EnWStadtwerke Bonn Energie und Wasser (public utility company for ener
44、gy and water)UCTUniversity of Cape TownUNECEUnited Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUSDUnited States dollarWBGUWissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltvernderungen (GermanAdvisory Council on Global Change)WRIWorld Resources InstituteIXIDOS Studies 107Executive summaryCities are important emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and are at the same time vulnerable to the impact of climate change. However, cities ar