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1、物流国际术语（英文版）The LLanguuage of LLogissticssA SSupplly Chhain and Logiisticcs GllossaaryCoppyrigght 11997 by EEdwarrd H. BliickstteinDDupliicatiing fforshharinngwitth ottherss， byy anyy meaans， is iilleggal. Prinnted in UUSAYeaar 20000 IIssueePurrposeeWriittenn andd commpileed foor thhe beenefiit off l
2、oggistiics aand ttranssporttatioon prrofesssionnals， studdentss of the fielld， aand ffor ccliennts oof TrranSoolutiions Conssultiing. It iis hooped thatt thiis toool wwill enabble tthe uuser to ggain a beetterr unddersttandiing oof loogisttics by pproviidingg a uusefuul annd eaasy-tto-unndersstandd
3、gloossarry thhat wwill be uup-daated annuuallyy. Thhe auuthorr andd TraanSollutioons CConsuultinng accknowwledgge immporttant conttribuutionns frrom mmany of iits ccliennts logiisticcs annd trranspportaationn perrsonnnel aas weell aas innformmatioon deeriveed frrom ootherr exppert sourrces in tthe c
4、compiilatiion oof thhis gglosssary.Thiis isssue of TThe LLanguuage of LLogissticss atttemptts too inccludee thee newwest termminollogy and acroonymss utiilizeed inn thee fieeld oof buusineess llogissticss. Sppeciaal atttenttion has beenn madde too commpilee terrms aand oofferr advvice in cconneectio
5、on wiith yyear 20000 bussinesss isssuess （noot thhe Y22K isssue） likee e-ccommeerce. Howweverr， I makee no claiim thhat tthis issuue iss 1000% coompleete aas thhe chhalleenge of ccompiilingg， reesearrchinng， ddefinning， and occaasionnallyy creeatinng meeaninngfull terrminoologyy is neveer enndingg.
6、Wrriterrs inn thee fieeld oof loogisttics and suppply-cchainn mannagemment， conssultiing ffirmss， inndusttry pproviiderss of 3PL servvicess， trranspportaationn commpaniies， and shippperss aree connstanntly conttribuutingg to the deveelopmment of nnew ttermiinoloogy tthrouugh ttheirr efffortss to imp
7、rrove the effeectivvenesss off suppply-chaiin maanageementt. Coonseqquenttly， the langguagee of logiisticcs iss alwways expaandinng duue too thee evoolvinng naaturee of the fielld.As you use thiss toool yoou wiill nnote thatt theere iis a new emphhasiss on techhnoloogy， the Inteernett， annd e-commme
8、rcee. Whhile mostt eveeryonne iss awaare oof thhe cuurrennt coonsummer oorienntatiion oof thhe Innternnet aand ee-commmercce， tthe ggreattest growwth oover the nextt sevverall yeaars wwill be iin thhe usse off thee Intterneet inn bussinesss-too-bussinesss （BB2B） appllicattionss nott in busiinesss to
9、 conssumerr （B22C）。 Thesse apppliccatioons， for logiisticcs annd suupplyy chaain iimproovemeent， willl rannge ffrom proccuremment， inveentorry maanageementt， diistriibutiion， and trannsporrtatiion tto saales （inccludiing oorderr enttry） and custtomerr serrvicee.As a reesultt， loogisttics and suppply
10、 cchainn proofesssionaals wwill conttinuee to be cconsttantlly chhalleengedd by the speeed off chaange and emphhasiss on costt redductiion iin thheir comppaniees ass welll ass in busiinesss in geneeral. It is hhopedd thaat thhis ppubliicatiion wwill assiist tthesee proofesssionaals iin thheir workk
11、by beinng a goodd refferennce ssourcce.Stuudentts off suppply chaiin annd loogisttics shouuld ccontiinue to ffind thiss pubblicaationn benneficcial as wwell. In 19999， unniverrsityy andd colllegee stuudentts woorldwwide accoounteed foor allmostt 50% of downnloadds off thiis puubliccatioon. AAlso， in
12、 ffuturre edditioons II willl atttemppt too do a beetterr jobb at intternaationnalizzing“ thiis puubliccatioon.Lasst buut noot leeast， mostt of the obseervattionss andd opiinionns reefleccted in tthis publlicattion are the resuult oof prrojecct woork pperfoormedd forr ourr cliientss oveer thhe laast
13、 ssix yyearss. Thhis iincluudes our parttnersship workk witth Mooore & Asssociiatess.Sectiion 11： Suupplyy Chaain MManaggemennt annd LoogistticsSuppply-chaiin maanageementt is one of tthe hhotteest ttopiccs off disscusssion todaay ammongsst CEEOs and otheer seeniorr offficerrs off bussinessses worll
14、dwidde. AArticcles permmeatee thee bussinesss prress and manyy pubblicaationns haave ddesiggnateed itt as the lastt froontieer foor crreatiing sstrattegicc commpetiitivee advvantaage. Why all the inteerestt？ Thhe annswerr is thatt commpaniies wworlddwidee aree noww coggnizaant oof thhe grreat poteen
15、tiaal foor coost rreducctionn andd inccreassed ccustoomer servvice fromm succcesssful suppply-cchainn mannagemment.Thee payyoff poteentiaal caan reesultt froom reeducttion or eelimiinatiion oof innventtoriees， bbeingg ablle too resspondd quiicklyy to custtomizzed oorderrs， rreducctionn or elimminatt
16、ion of sstepss in moviing ggoodss to markket， enhaancedd cusstomeer seervicce， uupstrream venddor rrelattionsshipss， annd trranspportaationn impproveementts inncludding carrrier proggramss.In thiss reggard， logiisticcs caan heelp iimproove aa commpanyys ssaless by addiing vvaluee in a vaarietty off
17、wayys. SSpeciificaally， by pproviidingg a mmeanss forr enssurinng thhat ggoodss aree preepareed foor saale ppropeerly and deliivereed quuicklly. TThis coulld innvolvve sppeciaalizeed paackagging， labeelingg， kiittinng， cconsttructting flooor reeady palllets， shippmentt connsoliidatiions， poolling， a
18、nd mergge-inn-traansitt proogramms， aanythhing thatt getts prroduccts ddownsstreaam faasterr. Exxcelllent custtomerr serrvicee cann difffereentiaate aa commpanyy in the markketpllace and helpp thaat coompanny wiin coontraacts.Errror ffree deliiveryy acccompllisheed onn a cconsiistennt baasis is aa k
19、eyy difffereentiaator. In deallingss witth ouur cllientts annd 3PPLs， TrannSoluutionns Coonsulltingg finnds tthat mostt of the timee thee abiilityy to havee almmost reall-timme viisibiilityy to infoormattion is aan opperatting advaantagge orr a mmarkeetingg advvantaage ddepenndingg on whetther you a
20、re the clieent oor thhe 3PPL. TThis is iimporrtantt beccausee suppply chaiins aare bbeingg shoortenned aand ccompaaniess aree deppendiing oon moore ffrequuent shippmentts frrom ttheirr parrtnerr-suppplieers sso thhat vvisibbilitty too commponeent wwhereeabouuts iis exxtremmely critticall. Alll off t
21、hee neww loggistiics sstrattegiees shhouldd be remoovingg siggnifiicantt cosst frrom ssupplly chhainss butt as manyy commpaniies hhave founnd， iit iss alll in the execcutioon.Forr 19999， aaccorrdingg to The Conttrolllerss Repport ， tootal logiisticcs coosts rosee 2.221% oover the prevviouss yeaar wh
22、hen mmeasuured as pperceentagge off salles aand 33.6% whenn meaasureed byy cosst peer huundreedweiight. Thee cosst ellemennts mmeasuured weree traanspoortattion， wareehoussing， ordeer enntry/custtomerr serrvicee， addminiistraativee， annd innventtory carrryingg. Thhe avveragge coompanny loogisttics c
23、ostts weere 77.34% of salees annd/orr $744.29 costt perr hunndreddweigght. Mostt proofesssionaals bbelieeve ttheree is amplle rooom ffor iimproovemeent bby opptimiizingg thee suppply chaiin annd inncludding the use of nnew iinvenntoryy mannagemment toolls liike VVMI， e-coommerrce， and by iimprooved
24、plannningg bettweenn parrtnerrs annd innternnal ffuncttionaal grroupss. Exxecuttion is kkey.Thiis fiirst secttion of TThe LLanguuage of LLogissticss deffiness terrms ffrequuentlly ussed bby loogisttics proffessiionalls， wwriteers， and conssultaants and reprresennts aan ummbrellla aapprooach to oorga
25、nnizinng thhese termms reecognnizinng thhat tthe uultimmate goall of logiisticcs prrofesssionnals is tto inntegrrate logiisticcs prrocessses to tthe ooveraall ssupplly-chhain of aa commpanyy. Thhe seectioons ffolloowingg floow inn an ordeer reelateed too whaat iss usuuallyy givven eemphaasis firsst
26、buut iss nott inttendeed too rannk arreas of oopporrtuniity， as tthis willl varry byy commpanyy.ABCC： Acctiviity BBasedd Cosstingg is a vaaluabble ttool for costt mannagemment， totaal quualitty maanageementt andd bussinesss prrocesss reeengiineerring. Oriiginaally， a meethodd forr prooductt cossting
27、g， itt is now usedd forr genneratting accuuratee cosst innformmatioon thhat rrelattes tto a variiety of ddecissionss. ABBC issolattes ddirecct coosts and overrheadds too speecifiic prroduccts， custtomerrs， aand sserviices attrributting actiivityy cossts oonly if tthe aactivvitiees arre peerforrmed o
28、n tthe pproduucts or sserviices.Balldrigge Awward： Reffers to tthe MMalcoolm BBaldrrige Natiionall Quaalityy Awaard iinstiituteed byy thee U.SS. Coongreess aand ppreseentedd annnuallly too up to ssix UU.S. comppaniees foor thheir exceellennce iin immprovving quallity.Bennchmaarkinng： AAn appproaach
29、tto immprovving perfformaance throough compparisson oof cuurrennt opperattionss agaainstt anootherr opeeratiion oor moode. Bencchmarrkingg cann be appllied to aany ppart of tthe ssupplly chhain to eevaluuate currrent operratioons aand sset pperfoormannce ggoalss thrroughh thee impplemeentattion of “
30、bestt praacticces”。Besst Prractiices： Reffers to ccompaaniess whoose ooperaationns seet thhe inndusttry sstanddard for perfformaance in oone oor moore aareass.BPII： Buusineess PProceess IImproovemeent. Termm useed whhen llogissticss mannagerrs taake aa proocesss impproveementt appproacch too impprov
31、ee thee commpanyys llogissticss proocesss perrformmancee. A BPI modeel iss connstruuctedd forr appprovaal wiith tthe oobjecctivee beiing ssucceessfuul immplemmentaationn. Ussuallly， tthe nnext invoolvess a bbenchhmarkking effoort （ccase studdy） iin orrder to aapplyy whaat haas beeen llearnned.Cappab
32、illitiees： BBroadder tthan coree commpeteenciees， ccapabbilitties encoompassses proccessees suuch aas orrder cyclle tiime， custtomerr serrvicee， ass welll ass oveeralll bussinesss beehaviior aand ccultuure. Refeer too “coree commpeteenciees，”“demaand-ooriennted capaabiliitiess，” andd “suppply-oorien
33、nted capaabiliitiess” in thiss pubblicaationn.Cattegorry Maanageementt： Thhe maanageementt of indiividuual pproduuct ccateggoriees ass strrateggic bbusinness unitts. EEmphaasizees prrofitts annd saales for entiire pproduuct ggroupps raatherr thaan inndiviiduall braands.C-ccommeerce： “Colllaborrativv
34、e coommerrce”。 Thhis iinvollves combbininng trradinng paartneers tto reeducee cosst thhrouggh thhe shharinng off loggistiics rresouurcess.CDLL： “Conssumerr Dirrect Logiisticcs”。 Thhis cconsiists of pproceessinng annd fuulfilllmennt off connsumeer orrderss froom a retaail sstoree or dediicateed diist
35、riibutiion ccenteer. AAmazoon.coom annd Peeapodd aree twoo exaamplees off commpaniies pperfeectinng thhis cchannnel.Chaannell： Buusineess ccompoonentts off a ccompaanyss suppply chaiin suuch aas maanufaacturring suppport， manuufactturinng， ddistrributtion， and retaailinng orr dirrect salees. PProduu
36、ct mmovess froom onne chhanneel meemberr， wiith vvaluee beiing aaddedd， too thee nexxt chhanneel meemberr unttil pproduuct rreachhes tthe ccustoomer. A cchannnel mmay aalso be aa geoograpphic areaa or zonee wheereinn vollumess aree shiippedd.Colllabooratiive SSupplly Neetworrk： AA nettworkk thaat ma
37、anagees thhe coonverrgencce off exeecutiion nnetwoorks and straategiic pllanniing. Coree Commpeteency： Atttribuutes， proccessees， kknowlledgee， abbilitties and skillls tthat alloow a firmm to achiieve comppetittive advaantagge. OOftenn useed too meaan thhingss a ccompaany ddoes bestt. Seee “capaabil
38、iitiess”。CCMM： Abbbrevviatiion ffor “Commmercee Chaain MManaggemennt”。 CCCM coonsissts oof syystemms， ccommeerce netwworkss， prrocurremennt， aand iin-hoouse or 33PL llogissticss.CPFFR： AAbbreeviattion for “Meanns Coollabborattive Plannningg Forrecasstingg andd Reppleniishmeent”。 Puurposse iss to cre
39、aate eefficcientt floow off infformaationn amoongstt suppply chaiin paartneers （II.e. venddors， custtomerrs）。CR： “Colllaborrativve Reeplennishmment”。 Whhen llargee rettaileers ssharee alll theeir nneedss on a 522-weeek， iindivviduaal sttore basiis wiith ttheirr suppplieers.CRPP： “Conttinuoous RReple
40、enishhmentt Plaanninng/Prrograam”。 Thhis iis ann innnovattive logiisticcs meethodd thaat inntegrratess thee loggistiics ooperaationns off thee suppplieer annd thhe cuustommer iinto one coorrdinaated logiisticcs efffortt. Innventtoriees arre trrackeed ellectrroniccallyy andd a rrepleenishhmentt plaan
41、ninng/orrderiing ssysteem offten linkked tto POOS maanagees a “pulll” typpe meethodd of inveentorry maanageementt ratther thenn a “pushh” typpe.CSCC： “Conttinuoous SSupplly Chhain”。 Thhis iis ann innnovattive logiisticcs prroducct innvolvving the inteegrattion of aa commpanyys llogissticss opeeratii
42、ons withh suppplieers iinto a cooordiinateed “pulll” efffort. Thee mosst immporttant charracteeristtics of tthis undeertakking are execcutioon annd deependdabillity withh reppeateed suuccesss leeadinng too commpetiitivee advvantaage.CSRR： “Custtomerr Serrvicee Reppreseentattive”。 Inndiviidualls whho
43、 taake ccustoomerss ordders and requuestss forr infformaationn viaa tellephoone， fax， or tthrouugh IInterrnet web sitees. TThey are respponsiible for accuurateely eenterring ordeer innformmatioon annd foor maakingg surre thheir partt of thiss proocesss opeeratees saatisffactoorilyy forr thee cusstom
44、eer.De-engiineerring： Thee proocesss of simpplifyying prevvioussly rredessigneed buusineess pproceessess thaat haave bbecomme inneffeectivve annd/orr tooo commpliccatedd.Demmand-Orieentedd Cappabillitiees： CCustoomer-orieentedd loggistiics aapprooach emphhasizzing demaands of tthe eexterrnal custtom
45、err. Caapabiilitiies eencommpasss timme-addvanttagess， reesponnsiveenesss to targget mmarkeets， and custtomerr serrvicee.Dirrect Prodduct Proffitabbilitty Annalyssis： DPP is aan appproaach tto annalyzzing proffit ffor aa bunndle of pproduucts. It invoolvess dettermiiningg thee marrginaal coost ffor
46、eeach prodduct and deteerminning whicch onnes aare pprofiitablle annd whhich oness aree marrginaal （rrequiiringg tooo mucch ovverheead ccostss）。ECRR： Effficiient conssumerr ressponsse； iinvollves exammininng suupplyy chaain aand ttradee praacticces tto iddentiify oopporrtuniitiess forr chaangess in
47、praccticees orr tecchnollogy to mmake the suppply cchainn morre coompettitivve. TTerm origginattes iin thhe grrocerry inndusttry wwheree it refeers tto a straategyy in whicch diistriibutoors aand ssuppllierss worrk coooperrativvely to bbringg bettter valuue too cusstomeers bby joointlly foocusiing oon effficiiencyy in the totaal grrocerry suupplyy chaain. Accuuratee infformaationn andd higgh-quualitty prroducct fllows are aideed byy a ppaperrlesss sysstem betwween the manuufactturinng liine aand ppointt of salee. Obbjecttive is tto reeducee invventooriess andd cosst i