英语写作常见问题39706.docx

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1、一、 选词常见问问题准确而有效效地用词依依赖于平时时的积累和和准确理解解。现将作作文中经常常出现的问问题总结如如下,希望望能对大家家有所帮助助。(一) 误用口语词词汇或俚语语专业四级考考试中的作作文多为议议论文,要要求逻辑性性强,结构构紧凑,具具有说服力力,而口语语体中多为为简单句,结结构松散,不不适合表达达这样的思思想观点。请请看下面这这篇题为Why I Leearn Engllish的短文:I thiink llearnning Engllish is vvery impoortannt, eespecciallly too me. Welll, iif yoou assk mee why

2、y, Ill teell yyou ssome reassons. Letts loook aat soomethhing in jjob mmarkeet. AAnywaay iff youu cannt sppeak Engllish, youu cannt gett a ggood job. Donnt yoou beelievve? TThen anotther is tto coommunnicatte wiith fforeiignerrs. YYou kknow, iif yoou caant sppeak Engllish, howw cann youu makke yoour

3、 iidea undeerstoood bby thhem? You see, spooken Engllish is ggettiing mmore and moreeimpoortannt. SSo whhy doont Ilearrn Ennglissh weell?上文中的句句式和用词词都比较口口语化,斜斜体部分都都是典型的的口语用词词,在作文文中应避免免使用。我我们将上文文修改如下下,作一比比较:To leearn Engllish is vvery impoortannt foor thhe foollowwing two reassons: forr onee thiing, w

4、ithh thee inccreassing comppetittivenness in jjob mmarkeet, ccolleege ggraduuatess aree nott onlly exxpectted tto obbtainn somme sppeciaal knnowleedge and techhniquue inn a ffieldd, buut too havve a goodd commmandd of Engllish to ffind a goood jjob. For anotther, Engglishh is an iinterrnatiionall la

5、nnguagge whhich is nnecesssaryy in commmuniccatioon wiith fforeiignerrs. IIn a wordd, I am deteerminned tto woork hhard at EEngliish tto fiind aa nicce joob annd too commmuniicatee efffectiivelyy witth fooreiggnerss in Engllish.修改后的短短文不但改改掉了口语语词汇,还还使用了连连接词和复复合句,增增强了文章章的连贯性性和逻辑性性。俚语尤其要要避免使用用,因为俚俚语给人的

6、的感觉极其其随便,与与议论文文文体不符。而且有的带有方言性,有的带有粗俗性,多出现在口语中和戏剧、电视、电影、小说的对白中,不适合书面文体使用。例如:y frriendd Li Yongg gott thee sacck yeesterrday and I callled to eexpreess mmy syympatthy.To geet thhe saack是俚语,意意为“被解雇”,有调侃侃之意,应应将其改为为was dismmisseed,使其与与后面的to eexpreess mmy syympatthy保持持风格一致致。再如:y liittlee sonn is blooody i

7、intellligeent.Blooddy是粗俗语语,应改为为very。(二)喜用用抽象词抽象词往往往偏长、大大、难,如如以conffigurratioon代替patttern,以counnter-prodductiive代替inefffecttive。不少抽抽象动词以以-izee, -iise后缀结尾尾,如casuualizze(雇用临临时工)。过过多且不适适当地使用用抽象词会会使原本明明白简单的的句子变得得隐晦含混混,且给人人以矫揉造造作之感。请请看例句:The ddesirrabillity of aattaiiningg unaanimiity sso faar ass thee ge

8、nnerall connstruuctioon off thee boddy iss conncernned iis off connsideerablle immporttancee froom thhe prroducctionn asppect.此句用词抽抽象,结构构繁冗,The desiirabiilityy of attaaininng unnanimmity其实就是agreee之意,so ffar aas thhe geeneraal coonstrructiion oofthee boddy iss conncernned即on aa staandarrd boody,ffrom

9、 the prodductiion aaspecct可改为for incrreaseed prroducctionn。如此,上上句可改写写为:To inncreaase pproduuctioon, iit iss impportaant tto aggree on aa staandarrd boody.因此我们在在写作文时时,可以化化抽象为具具体,化艰艰深为通俗俗,从抽象象的意思中中引出具体体地意义,以以意义显豁豁的词语代代替意义含含混的词语语。(三)词语语的误用在我们的作作文中,经经常会见到到用词不当当的情况,影影响意义的的表达。其其原因多是是由于对词词汇的意义义和用法掌掌握不够准准确而

10、造成成的,具体体说来有如如下几点:其一,误解解词义。有有些英语词词汇看似汉汉语释义相相同,但具具体意义是是有差异的的。请看下下列各句中中的用词错错误:1) * Botth saalt aand ssugarr aree eassy too mellt inn hott watter.2) * Theey peersuaadedttheirr sonn to try agaiin, bbut hhe juust tturneed a deaff earr to themm.3) * It is uuneassy foor thhe chhildrren tto doo succh a thinn

11、g.在例)中中,melt指物体受受热熔化,而而不是指溶溶质在溶剂剂中的溶解解。例)中中的perssuadee不仅指“劝说”,而且强强调结果“说服某人人做某事”,这与该该句后半部部分he jjust turnned aa deaaf eaar too theem语义矛盾盾。例)的uneasy在古英语中有“不容易”之意,但在现代英语中已经没有这种用法了,而是表示“心神不安”之意。因此,以上句应改为:1) Booth ssalt and sugaar arre eaasy tto diissollve iin hoot waater.2) They adviisedttheirr sonn to t

12、ry agaiin, bbut hhe juust tturneed a deaff earr to themm.3) It iss diffficuult ffor tthe cchilddren to ddo suuch aa thiing.其二,用法法错误。先先看几个例例子:1) *We hhope him to gget tthe ffirstt priize.2) *Who is rrespoonsibble fforthhisdeeparttmentt?3) *She willl proobablly bee eleectedd womman cchairrman.以上各例都都是由

13、于词词语的用法法错误而导导致不符合合英语的表表达习惯。例例)中,hope只能用于hopee to do ssometthingg或hopee + tthat从句的结结构中,不不能说hopee sommeboddy too do someethinng。例)中中的respponsiible for表示对某某事的后果果负责,而而不表示汉汉语中的负负责某个部部门的工作作。例)中“女主席”以及类似的“女议员”“女诗人”等,不能用woman作定语。woman和man作定语区分男女时,只能用在一些表示职业的名词前。以上句正确的表达应为:1) We exxpectt himm to get the firs

14、st prrize.2) Who iis inn chaarge of tthisddeparrtmennt?3) She wwill probbablyy be eleccted chaiirwomman.有些动词,词词义不易解解释清楚,用用法比较微微妙使用时时经常出错错。如charracteerizee一词的中中文释义为为“表示的特性、具具有的特性”,但在使使用时不能能直接把汉汉语意思往往里套。如如要表达“某民族具具有勤劳和和勇敢的特特点”,不能说说:*The natiion ccharaacterrizess inddustrry annd coouragge.而要说:Indusstry

15、 and couraage ccharaacterrize the natiion.或The nnatioon iss chaaractterizzed bby inndusttry aand ccouraage.类似的词还还有featture, staar等,这些些词在学习习时一定要要弄清楚它它与主语和和宾语的关关系。其三,不区区分词语的的使用语境境。用词不不仅要考虑虑其语义,还还要考虑其其上下文情情境。还是是来看几个个例子:1) *The concclusiion tthat the schoolar has comee to is tthat kidss shoould not have

16、e to sufffer ffor tthe ssins of ttheirr fattherss.2) *Mrs. Broown wwas iindiggnantt witth heer soon, bbecauuse hhe haadnt doone hhis hhomewwork.3) *Whille reeadinng thhe trrageddy, tthe ggirl crieed ovver iits ppagess.Kid是口口语体词汇汇,而例)从整个个句子来看看应该是一一项研究的的结果,是是比较正式式的文体,kid在此处不不合适。例例)中的的indiignannt是一个较较严

17、肃的词词,意为“愤怒、愤愤慨”,常指由由正义感而而引起的愤愤怒情绪,不不适合表示示母亲对孩孩子的不满满意。例)中,cry表示放声声大哭,不不适合表示示句中因被被书中情节节感动而哭哭泣。以上上句可修修改如下:1) The cconcllusioon thhat tthe sschollar hhas ccome to iis thhat cchilddren shouuld nnot hhave to ssuffeer foor thhe siins oof thheir fathhers.2) Mrs. Browwn waas anngry withh herr sonn, beecausse

18、 hee haddnt doone hhis hhomewwork.3) Whilee reaadingg thee traagedyy, thhe giirl wwept overr itss pagges.其实上述三三种情况是是相互关联联的,我们们掌握一个个英语单词词除了要掌掌握其准确确含义,还还必须要了了解它具体体的用法和和使用的情情境,这样样才能准确确地表达自自己的思想想。除了以以上我们提提到的一些些错误之外外,拼写错错误及误用用词性导致致的语法错错误也都很很常见。要要克服这些些错误,一一方面平时时要勤于积积累,另一一方面,在在考试时应应尽量选用用自己熟悉悉、有把握握的词汇,避避免出错

19、。(四)汉汉语思维对对用词的影影响在我们平时时记单词或或在字典里里查单词时时,有些同同学习惯于于只看单词词的汉语释释义,而且且将这个英英语单词与与它的汉语语释义划上上等号,而而不去理会会单词的具具体用法和和含义。比比如,说到到“身体好”不少同学学会马上想想到goodd boddy。汉语中中的“身体”既可以指指躯体,也也可以指健健康状况,而body只能指躯体。“身体好”可以用healthy来表示。实际上,在两种语言中,意义完全对等的词汇是非常少的。在上文的词汇搭配、词汇误用等部分举出的错误例子中,有不少都是由于汉语思维的影响而出错的。下面我们再看几个例子:1) *TThe ttrafffic i

20、in Beeijinng iss getttingg morre annd moore ccrowdded.2) *TThe ppricee of car is sso chheap thatt quiite ssome peopple ccan aafforrd itt.3) *TThe sspeedd of a pllane is ffasteer thhan tthat of aa traain.例)中,crowwded表示“拥挤”时,意为“haviing ttoo mmany peopple”,我们可可以说crowwded busees, hhotells, ddownttown ar

21、eaa,但不能能表示交通通拥挤。例例)中的的cheaap可以表示示具体事物物便宜,但但“价格便宜”不能说“pricce iss cheeap”。同样,fast本身表示示速度快,但但不能用来来说明speeed。现将以以上三句修修改为:1) Thhe trraffiic inn Beiijingg is gettting moree andd morre coongessted.2) Thhe prrice of ccar iis soo loww thatt quiite ssome peopple ccan aafforrd itt.3) Thhe sppeed of aa plaane ii

22、s hiigherr thaan thhat oof a traiin.二、句式多多样化如果在一一篇文章里里只有一两两种句式,且且句子长度度大致相等等,势必会会使文章单单调呆板,平平淡无味。要要使文章生生动,具有有吸引力,就就必须灵活活变换句式式。句式多多样化可通通过以下手手段来达到到。(一)改变变句子主语语在汉语句子子中常用人人来作主语语,强调人人对事物或或对人本身身的作用或或影响,但但在英语中中常用非人人称作主语语着重强调调物对人的的作用,对对人思维和和行为的影影响及其产产生的结果果。这种表表达法往往往带有拟人人化修辞色色彩,语气气含蓄,比比喻形象,文文体也显得得自然、轻轻松、客观观性强。

23、例例如:1) New yyears Dayy saww theem ennjoyiing tthemsselvees inn thee acttivitty off galla.2) The SSeconnd Woorld War brouught him rapiid baattlee proomotiion.如果改为我我们习惯的的以人作主主语,则显显然不如上上述两句简简练、形象象、客观、公公正:1) They enjooyed themmselvves iin thhe acctiviity oof gaala oon Neew Yeears Daay.2) He goot raapid

24、batttle ppromootionn durring the Secoond WWorldd Warr.有些以物作作主语的句句子已丧失失拟人化的的修辞色彩彩,此类句句子中常见见的动词有有:findd, brring, givve, eescappe, ssurroound, killl, ddepriive, seizze, ssend, knoow, ttell, perrmit, invvite, takke, ddrivee, haappenn, occcur等。例如如:1) His nname escaapes mefoor thhe moomentt.2) The ssightt

25、 of the old housse reemindds mee of my ppoor lifee wheen Iwas younng.3) The ppointt sliippedd my atteentioon.(二)改变变句子开头头在句子中,除除了以主语语开头外,还还可以根据据具体情况况,用其它它句子成分分开头。如如: 以同位语开开头,如:The mmost commmon lliquiid, wwaterr, haas allwayss beeen a usefful ssourcce off powwer. 以副词开头头,如: CCasuaally, thee thiief ssl

26、ippped oone oof thhe waatchees innto hhis ccoat sleeeve. 以表语开头头,如:Veryiimporrtantt in the farmmers liife iis thhe raadio weatther repoort. 以宾语开头头,如:What theyy werre assked to ddo inn tenn dayys, tthey finiishedd in two. 以介词短语语开头。在在以下两段段中,第二二段适当用用介词短语语作为句子子的开头,使使对比鲜明明,句子生生动:I alwways listten tto thhe

27、 laatestt sonng hiits. The new tunees arre moost iinterrestiing tto mee. Buut myy parrentss do not sharre thhis eenthuusiassm. TThe oold ssongss seeem goood eenouggh too theem.I alwways listten tto thhe laatestt sonng hiits. To mme thhe neew tuunes are mostt intteresstingg. Buut myy parrentss do not

28、 sharre thhis eenthuusiassm. TTo thhem tthe oold ssongss seeem goood eenouggh. 以分词短语语开头,如如:Troubbled by tthe ddreamm, hee wokke upp witth a starrt. 以动词不定定式开头,如如:To fiind tthe hhiddeen paaperss, thhe innspecctorss loooked throough seveeral suittcasees.(三)改变变句子结构构英语句子按按语法结构构分可分为为简单句、并并列句、复复合句,按按用法功能能分

29、可分为为陈述句、疑疑问句、祈祈使句、感感叹句,按按修辞格分分可分为松松散句、尾尾重句、平平衡句、平平行句、倒倒装句等。写写作时可依依据具体情情况,灵活活运用各种种句式。例例如要表达达“粗心驾驶驶易引起车车祸”可以有以以下几种表表达方式:1) Trafffic aacciddentss aree invvitedd by careelesss driivingg.2) Carelless drivving inviites trafffic acciidentts.3) For aanyonne too driive ccarellesslly iss t iinvitte trraffiic

30、acccideents.4) The ffact thatt youu driive ccarellesslly innvitees trraffiic acccideents.5) To drrive careelesssly iis too invvite trafffic acciidentts.6) Driviing ccarellesslly innvitees trraffiic acccideents.7) Anyonne whho drrivess carrelesssly is tto innvitee traafficc acccidennts.8) Trafffic aa

31、cciddentss aree whaat caareleess ddriviing iinvittes.9) Whoevver ddrivees carrelesssly is tto innvitee traafficc acccidennts.(四)改变变句子长度度长句和短句句各有特点点,各有用用途。短句句结构简单单,明白易易懂,适用用于下定义义,一些重重要事实的的陈述,或或是描写迅迅速的动作作和激动的的心情。如如:The mman kkneltt dowwn aggain, wattchinng Chharliie caarefuully. He loweered the polee

32、butt keppt hiis heead rraiseed. CCharllie sstoodd inddecissivelly. TThen he rran tto a snoww pille byy thee currbstoone. The man shiffted to ssee hhim. “You ccome nearr me, andd Ill bbreakk youur neeck.” He saidd.长句结构复复杂,容量量大,能在在一句中表表达复杂而而完整的内内容,适用用于描写、说说明、议论论,如:Explooded and deveelopeed byy thee pe

33、oople fromm alll oveer thhe woorld, Ameericaa is a neew coountrry, aa nattion of nnatioons, a cllasslless sociiety wherre evveryoone iis coonsidderedd equual, everryonee cann makke a namee thrroughh harrd woork, evenn a ffarmeers soon caan woork hhis wway uup too be a prresiddent.在一个段落落中,长句句和短句应应交错使

34、用用,既避免免句子单一一化,还可可以增加语语言的表现现力。尤其其注意不要要过多堆积积短句,那那样会使句句与句之间间连贯性差差,使读者者读起来有有一种磕磕磕绊绊的感感觉。堆积积短句、简简单句实际际上是语言言技巧不成成熟、语言言水平低的的表现,还还会使文章章显得稚气气、呆板。下下面的这段段文字中就就有这样的的毛病:I retturneed too my roomm. Thhere was a noote uunderr my doorr. Itt wass froom Biill. He ssaid he wwas iin thhe toown llookiing ffor aa jobb. He

35、e haddnt foound anytthingg yett. Hee addded tthat he wwas ssorryy to havee misssed me. 这段话中有有六句简单单句,读来来单调乏味味,而且句句与句之间间缺乏联系系。现在我我们将它修修改如下,使使意义更明明确,并体体现出句与与句之间的的逻辑关系系:When I retturneed too my roomm, I fouund aa notte frrom BBill undeer thhe dooor. He ssaid he wwas iin thhe toown llookiing ffor aa jobb

36、, buut haadnt foound anythhing yet. He addeed thhat hhe waas soorry to hhave misssed mme.当然我们也也不提倡使使用冗长、造造作的长句句,更不能能把一些短短句机械地地堆积成一一个长句。下下面的例子子就是这种种情况:It iss aboout ssix ooclocck whhen wwe fiinishh suppper and I gett reaady tto goo to the earlly shhow aat thhe mooviess beccausee I likke too gett outt

37、 earrly sso I cann go danccing withh thee croowd.在段落中,我我们可以利利用长句和和短句各自自的特点,发发挥它们的的长处。短短句言简意意赅,意义义明确,可可以用在段段首来提出出讨论的主主题,和在在段尾总结结中心思想想。中间的的细节和论论述部分可可以由长句句来完成。如如下面的段段落中第一一句为短句句,也是段段落的主题题句,后面面的长句则则是对第一一句的说明明:Newsppaperrs giive aa disstortted vview of llife. Theey ovveremmphassize the unussual, succh ass

38、 a mmotheer giivingg birrth tto quuintuupletts, tthe ddevellopmeent oof a Chriistmaas trree tthat growws itts deecoraativee connes, the mintting of ttwo ppenniies wwhichh werre onnly hhalf-engrravedd, gaang ffightts, oor teeenagge drrinkiing.三、常见问问题(一)误用用平行结构构所谓平行结结构 (paaralllelissm)是指指把结构相相同或相似似,意义

39、相相关,语义义一致的几几个词、短短语、分句句或句子并并列使用。它它的作用一一是可以使使句子流畅畅、连贯,二二是可以使使句子平衡衡、富于节节奏感,且且在表达上上具有力度度。如:He paassess hiss timme dooing crosssworrd puuzzlees annd buuildiing mmodell airrplannes.If yoou leeave a noote, or iif yooutellephoone, I willl geet yoour mmessaage.平行结构中中各部分通通常以重要要性递增的的顺序排列列,如:With thiss faiith w

40、we wiill bbe abble tto woork ttogetther, toppray togeetherr, too strrugglle toogethher, to ggo too jaiil toogethher, to sstandd up for freeedom togeetherr, knnowinng thhat wwe wiill bbe frree oone dday.Marrtin Luthher KKing平行结构通通常以并列列连词and, or ,butt等连词,或或等立连词词eithheror, neeitheernor, boothand, noot

41、onnlybut alsoo等连接。后后者如:She kknowss nott onlly whhat tto saay buut allso wwhen to ssay iit.平行结构的的形式特点点在于同一一语法或句句法结构的的叠用,即即名词与名名词平行,动动词与动词词平行,短短语与短语语平行,分分句与分句句平行。在在实际写作作练习中,有有些同学忽忽视了平行行结构这一一特点,导导致平行结结构的误用用。如:误用:Thhe gaame sshow conttestaant wwas ttold to bbe chheerfful, charrmingg, annd wiith eenthuus

42、iassm.改为:Thhe gaame sshow conttestaant wwas ttold to bbe chheerfful, charrmingg, annd ennthussiasttic.误用:Hee wriites equaally welll witth peen annd brrush.改为:Hee wriites equaally welll witth peen annd wiith bbrushh.误用:Thhe diisadvvantaages of nnucleear rreacttors are theiir grreat dangger aand tthat

43、 theyy aree verry exxpenssive.改为:Thhe diisadvvantaages of nnucleear rreacttors are theiir grreat dangger aand ttheirr greeat eexpennse.误用:Joohn, winnner oof maany aawardds foor swwimmiing, but who had not swumm forr monnths, divved iinto the wateer annd reescueed thhe chhild.改为:Joohn, who had won ma

44、nyy awaards for swimmmingg, buut whho haad noot swwum ffor mmonthhs, ddivedd intto thhe waater and resccued the chilld.误用:Hee tolld thhe booy eiitherr to brussh thhe hoorse or ffeed the chicckenss.改为:Hee tolld thhe booy eiitherr to brussh thhe hoorse or tto feeed tthe cchickkens.(二)歧义义句前面我们提提到修饰语语位置

45、不当当会引起歧歧义,如:歧义:Thhe raains thatt thee croops hhad nneedeed baadly damaaged the roadds.改为:Thhe raains thatt thee croops hhad bbadlyy neeeded damaaged the roadds.或:Thee raiins tthat the cropps haad neeededd dammagedd thee roaads bbadlyy.还有一种歧歧义是由代代词指代不不明引起的的。如:The tteachhers toldd thee stuudentts thha

46、t tthey are doinng a goodd jobb.这句话中的的代词they是指the teaccherss还是指the studdentss,从句法法上很难判判断。这种种情况下,必必须具体指指出指代对对象。上句句可改为:The tteachhers saidd thaat thhe sttudennts aare ddoingg a ggood job.再看几例:歧义:Thhe twwo crriminnals didnnt whhat tto doo wheen thhey ssaw tthem.(they和 theem哪一个个指代crimminalls?)改为:Thhe tw

47、wo crriminnals didnnt whhat tto doo wheen thhe poolicee saww theem.歧义:Maary ttold her mothher tthat her bikee wass brooken.(her指 Marry还是 herr motther?)改为:Maary ttold her mothher,“My bbike is bbrokeen.”或:Marry toold hher mmotheer,“Yourr bikke iss brooken.”(三)表意意不清在写作中,有有时会专注注于句子结结构,而忽忽略了表达达意义的准准确性、完完整性,有有时甚至会会出现语义义前后矛盾盾的现象。现举例说明:1. The bbox iin myy beddroomm wass tooo heaavy ffor mme too movve, bbut aat

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