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1、经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Dynamic Causal Modeling(DCM)A Practical PerspectiveOllie HulmeBarrie RoulstonZeki lab经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Disclaimer The following speakers have never used DCM.Any impression of expertise or
2、experience is entirely accidental.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Structure1.Quick recap on what DCM can do for you.2.What to think about when designing a DCM experiment3.How to do DCM.What buttons to press etc.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价
3、款或接受服务的费用 A Re-cap for DummiesYou can ask different types of questions about brain processing.Questions of WhereQuestions of How经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Functional Specialization is a question of Where?Where in the brain is a certain cognitive/perceptual attri
4、bute processed?What are the Regionally specific effectsyour normal SPM analysis(GLM)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Functional Integration is a question of HOWExperimentally designed inputHow does the system work?What are the inter-regional What are the inter-regiona
5、l effects?effects?HowHow do the components of do the components of the system interact with each the system interact with each other?other?经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用MODEL-FREEMODEL-DEPENDENTHypothesis drivenDCM!Functional connectivity=the temporal correlation b
6、etween=the temporal correlation between spatially remote areas spatially remote areasEffective connectivity=the influence one area exerts over=the influence one area exerts over anotheranother2 Categories of Functional integration analysisPPI 经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款
7、或接受服务的费用DCM overviewDCM allows you model brain activity at the neuronal level(which is not directly accessible in fMRI)taking into account the anatomical architecture of the system and the interactions within that architecture under different conditions of stimulus input and context.The modelled neu
8、ronal dynamics(z)are transformed into area-specific BOLD signals(y)by a hemodynamic forward model().The aim of DCM is to estimate parameters at the neuronal level so that the modelled BOLD signals are most similar to the experimentally measured BOLD signals.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔
9、偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Planning a DCM-compatible studyExperimental design:preferably multi-factorial(e.g.at least 2 x 2)StaticMovingNo attentAttent.1.Sensory input factor At least one factor that varies the sensory input changing the stimulus a perturbationto the system 2.Contextual factor At least
10、one factor that varies the context in which the perturbation occurs.Often attentional factor,or change in cognitive set etc.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Planning a DCM-compatible studyTR should be as short as possible parameter b,One-sample t-test:parameter a 0 rm
11、ANOVA (in case of multiple sessions per subject)3.Ensure that the model you generate is able to test yourhypothesesThe model should incorporate every component of the hypothesis经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Parietal areasV5Direct influenceV1PulvinarIndirect influen
12、ceDCM cannot distinguish between direct and indirect!Hypotheses of this nature cannot be tested4.Evaluate whether DCM can answer your questionCan DCM distinguish between your hypotheses?In case of经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用1.Specify your main hypothesis and its
13、competing hypotheses as precisely as possible using convergent evidence from the empirical and theoretical literature2.Think specifically about how your experiment will test the hypothesis and whether the hypothesis is suitable for DCM to test.3.Klaas emphasises that you should Test your model befor
14、e conducting the experiment using synthetic data.Simulation is the key!4.DCM is tricky,ask the experts during the design stage.They are very helpful.经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 A DCM in 5 easy steps1.Specify the design matrix2.Define the VOIs3.Enter your chosen
15、model4.Look at the results5.Compare models经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 Specify design matrixNormal SPM regressors-no motion,no attention-motion,no attention-no motion,attention-motion,attention DCM analysis regressors-no motion(photic)-motion-attention经营者提供商品或者服务
16、有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 Defining VOIs Single subject:choose co-ordinates from appropriate contrast.e.g.V5 from motion vs.no motion RFX:DCM performed at 1st level,but define group maximum for area of interest,then in single subject find nearest local maximum to this usi
17、ng the same contrast and a liberal threshold(e.g.P0.05,uncorrected).经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用DCM button specifyNB:in order!经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Can select:-effects of each condition-intrinsic connections-contrast of
18、connections经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 OutputLatent(intrinsic)connectivity(A)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Modulation of connections(B)PhoticAttentionMotion经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用Input(
19、C)经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 Comparing modelsSee what model best explains the data,e.g.Original ModelAttention modulates V1 to V5Alternative ModelAttention modulates V5?经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用DCM button compareThe read-out in MatLab indicates which model is most likely