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1、英语四级选词填空 11篇Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affectmotivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and theirconsequences, argue that rewards can _1_ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers,
2、 who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroycreativity by encouraging dependence on _2_ and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, _3_ among educators. But the careful use ofsmall _4_ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggest
3、ing that properly presentedinducements( 刺激 ) indeed _5_inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre work ing for a reward and can focus on a relatively _6_ task, theyshow the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the Universi
4、ty of Delaware in Newark. “Butits easy to _7_ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too muchanticipation for rewards.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for_8_ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an
5、example of thelatter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and _9_failing grades.In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challengingproblems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows _10_ in
6、 raisingefforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoidE)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinaryI)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improveM)challenging N)restore O)excellentAnswers:1. 选 L 第一段主要提出了行为学家和认知派研究专家对于额外奖励的不同看法，因此可以推出此处应填与 destroy 意思相反的动词，可选项由 improve
7、和 aid ，但能与performance 构成动宾搭配的只有 improve ，故排除 aid 。2. 选 I 由空格后的 and gift 可知此处应填名词。认知派研究专家认为，由于奖励助长了人们期望从别人那得到 和物质奖励的心理，而往往会破坏创造力，因此，选项中只有 approval “认同”符合题意。3. 选 F 此处应填副词。可选项有 generally 和 especially ，但从文章后面所举的例子来理解，此处是为了突出强调教育家支持认知派研究专家的看法，因此只有 especially “尤其，特别”符合题意。4. 选 J 此处应填形容词。由 But 转折可知此句表明的观点与认
8、知派研究专家 whostudy various aspects of mental life 的观点“物质奖励有害”相反，因此可以推出此处应填的形容词是表示“物质奖励”的意思的词，选项中只有 monetary 符合题意。5. 选 G 此处应填动词。由 But 转折可知，此举表明的观点与前者即行为学家所持的观点一致，原文为“适当地给予奖励刺激确实 创造力”，选项中只有 aid “有助于（刺激）”符合题意。6. 选 M 此处应填形容词。从原文来看，如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力，并能专注于相对 的任务，他们就会表现出很大的创造力，因此只有 challenging 符合题意。7. 选 C 由
9、it its easy to do 结构可知，此处应填动词。由此句中 But 转折与前一句中show the most creativity 可以推出，此处应填的词应与 show he most 表达的意思相反，且与destroy 意思相近，故选项中只有 kill 符合题意。8. 选 H 此处应填形容词。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此处应填的词应与 high 形成对比，故只有 ordinary 符合。9. 选 N 由空格前的 and 可知，此处应填动词。可选项有 avoid 和 restore ，但由tighten 可推出，既然是使平分标准严格，那么就会
10、有高分和低分，也会有不及格，故只有restore “恢复”符合题意。 avoid “避免（不及格）”不符合原文意思。10. 选 B 很明显此处应填名词。原文为“实行所谓象征性奖励，在努力提高学生创造力方面有 ，”可选项有 promise 和 hope ，而 hope 是一般人主观的愿望，希望，但此处强调的是“ 有实现的可能性，有前景”，故排除 hope 而选 promise 。 Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.The reader puts questions, as
11、 it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of thesehe puts _1_ questions, and so on. For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level ofconsciousness. At times, however, we become _2_ of it. This is usually when weare running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring be
12、tween _3_ and meaning.When successful matching is being experienced, our question of the text continues atthe unconscious level. Different people _4_ with the text differently. Some stay very close to thewords on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting,criticizing, analy
13、zing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehensionwhich is _5_ in the text. The latter represents _6_ levels of comprehension. Thebalance between these is important, especially for advanced readers. There is another conversation which from our point of view is _7_ important,and that i
14、s to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process”conversation as _8_ to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaningbut with the _9_ we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability tohold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty
15、well _10_. Not so ourability to hold a content conversation. A)opposed B)converse C)equally D)written E)developed F)strategies G)compared H)awake I)higher J)expectations K)dealL)absolutelyM)aware N)better O)furtherAnswers:1. 选 O 很明显此处应填形容词。可选项有 higher 和 further ，原文为“根据答案反复提出。问题“，但 higher 一般强调的是层次上的高
16、低，因此不能用来修饰 question ，故只有 further “更进一步的”符合题意。2. 选 M 此处应填形容词且能与 of 构成固定搭配。可选项有 awake 和 aware ，由前一句中 below the level of consciousness （即 unconsciousness ）和此句中 however 转折可以推出，此处应填与 consciousness 意思相近的形容词，故排除 awake “警觉的”，而选aware 。3. 选 J 由空格后的 and meaning 可知，此处应填名词，与 meaning 构成并列结构。原文为“我们会意识到沟通的存在，通常是在我们
17、遇到难题或 与文章意思不符的时候”，故只有 expectations “所猜测的意思”符合题意。4. 选 B 很明显此处应填动词且能与 with 搭配。可选项有 converse 和 deal ，从句意来理解，不同的人 文章不同，但由于文章主要说明的是读者与文章之间的沟通方式，故排除 deal “处理”而选 converse “谈话。5. 选 D 因关系代词 which 指代的是 comprehension ，可知此处应填动词的被动形式。但由 The former 和 the words on he page 可推出前一种人是从文中的字词去理解文章，而字词只能是被写在文中，因此只有 writt
18、en 符合题意。6. 选 I 此处应填形容词。由 The former 和 The latter 可知，此处是将两种人的对话方式进行比较，故可选项有 higher 和 better ，但由前面提到的后一种人对文章所做的interpreting，criticizing，analyzing and examining 可知，这些都属于对文章更高层次的理解，因此选 higher 。7. 选 C 显然此处应填副词。可选项有 equally 和 absolutely ，但由 another 可推出，文章是在分别说明两种对话方式，而没有突出哪个更重要，故排除 absolutely 而选equally 。8
19、. 选 A 此处是将“ process ” conversation 与“ content ” conversation 形成对比，故可选项有 opposed 和 compared ，但 as opposed to 是固定搭配，因此排除 compared 。9. 选 F 从句子结构来看，此处缺的是 employ 的宾语，再从选项中看，能与 employ 形成动宾搭配且符合题意的只有 strategies ，故选 strategies 。10. 选 E 此处应填动词的被动形式。选项中有 developed “提高，加强”和 compared “比较”能与 ability 构成动宾搭配，但从句意理
20、解，通常高级读者与文章进行 “程序对话”的能力 ，故只有 developed 符合题意。There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .Noschool I have taught in has ever _ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. Thereare, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howm
21、uch _ it must be givenover general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a childto express himself freely and _ in writing without holding him back with the complexities ofspelling?If spelling become the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a _4_chi
22、ld willbe likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing toavoid _5_ language. Thats why teachers often _6_ the early use ofdictionaries and payattention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of asensitive piece
23、of writing abouta personal experience ：“ This work is _7_ !There are far toomany spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的 ).” It may have been a sharP_8_of the pupilstechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who hadomittedto read the essay, which _9_
24、some beautiful expressions of the childs deePfeelings.Theteacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the childsideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more_10_ to seek improvement.A)priority B)criticism
25、 C)contained D)clearly E)adventurousF )discourage G)motivation H)terrible I)ignored J)difficultK)encourage L)expressed M)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressedAnswers:1. 选 I ）。 由该句中的 has 可知，此处应填动词过去式，且表达的含义应和后面的considerunimportant 相近，故应排除 contained 和 expressed 而选择 ignored 。2. 选 A ）。 此处应填名词，但能与后面
26、over 构成固定搭配的名词只有 priority ，故排除 了 criticism 和 motivation 。3. 选 M). 由空格前面的 and 可知，此处应填副词和 freely 并列。从句意来理解，在没有拼写困难的情况下，怎样鼓励学生自由且 地表达自己，选项中只有 confidently“自信地“符合题意。4. 选 N ）。 很明显这里应填形容词，选项中 terrible ， difficult 后接事物名词something ，只 有 adventurous 和 bright 可用来形容 somebody （ child )，再由后面的 playsafe“不冒险”，可排除 adv
27、enturous 而选择 bright。5. 选 E ）。 由前一句中的 be likely to “ play safe ”和空格前的 avoid 可以推知，此处所填词的意思应与 play safe 表达的意思相反，故选项中只有 adventurous 符合题意。6. 选 K ）。 很明显此处应填动词的一般现在时，可选项有 encourage 和 persuade 。由 Thats why 知本句与前一句构成因果关系，而前一句说的是学生往往会用他们拼写范围内的词写文章，从而选择避免用那些不会的词，故由此可推知此句应理解为老师鼓励学生用字典，因此排除 persuade 而选 encourage
28、。7. 选 H ）。 此处应填形容词。由空格后面的 too many spelling errors 和 illegible 可知，这篇文章是写的很糟，而不是很难理解。故排除difficult 而选 terrible。8. 选 B ）。 此处应填名词。由后半句中 a sad reflection on the teacher 可知，前半句是在指责学生，故选项中只有 criticism 符合题意。9. 选 C ）。 此处填动词过去式，本句中由 which 引导的从句是对 essay 的解释，剩余选项中 contained 和 expressed ，根据句意，文章 儿童内心感受的一些好的表达，故只
29、有 contained 符合题意。10. 选 G ）。 此处应填名词。根据句意，如果老师更注重学生思想的表达的话，会给学生更大的动力去寻求提高；故排除 motive “动机，原因”而选 motivation 。Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging.Criticismfrom coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create anexcessiveamount of _
30、1_ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, orpsychologicaland research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as_2_ orquitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are_3_ years for learning about oneself.
31、 The sport settingis one where valuable experiences cantake place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to_4_ with others, make friends, andgain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and parents should beaware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can
32、_5_affect their children. Youngstersmay take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find aflaw （ 缺 陷 ） inthemselves.Coaches and parents should also be _6_ that youth sport participation does notbecome workfor children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the _7_of l
33、earning thesport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport setting, young athlete s may beworrying moreabout who will win instead of _8_ themselves and the sport. Following a gamemany parents andcoaches _9_ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances.Positive reinforcementshould b
34、e provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates thatpositive reinforcement motivatesand has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again,criticism can create _10_ levels of stress,which can lead to burnout.A)process B)high C)enjoying D)anxiety E)settle F)cautiousG)cooperate H)greatly
35、I)dropping J)hardly K)intenseL)focus M)aspiration N)critical O)procedureANSWERS：1.选 D 由 or 可知，此处应填名词，并且所填名词和stress 词语词性相同，选项中有anxiety和 aspiration，但由最后一段中 worryingmore 可推出，压力会给运动员造成过多的焦虑，而不是渴望，故排除 aspiration 而选 anxiety。2.选 I 由 or 可知， 此处应填动词的现在分词形式，且表达的意思应与 quitting 相近，故排除选项中的 enjoying 而选 dropping“不再做
36、（某事）”。3.选 N 此处应填形容词。从原文“成长过程的最初几年是了解自己的.时期。”可选项有 cautious 和 critical，由后文中的 valuable experiences 和 be used throughout their lives 可推出，成长的最初几年是了解自己的关键时期，而不是谨慎时期。故排除 cautious 而选 critical。4.选 G 此处应填动词，且能与 with 构成搭配。可选项有 settle 和 cooperate，而 settle withsb. 意为“同某人解决（法律上的争端）,显然不符合题意，因此选 cooperate“合作”。5.选 H
37、 此处应填副词。可选项有 greatly 和 hardly，由 take.to heart 可推出，教练和父母的反馈信息会极大地影响年轻运动员，故排除hardly 而选 greatly。6.选F 由also可知，此处应填与aware对应的形容词。因此，可选项有cautious和critical，但 that 从句解释的是参与体育运动不能成为孩子们的工作，故只有cautious 符合题意。7.选 A 此处应填名词。由 that 可知，此处应填与 outcome 意思相反的词，故只有process“过程”符合题意，选项中 procedure 强调的是“程序”，故排除。8.选 C 由句中的 inst
38、ead of 可知，此处应填动词的现在分词形式。根据 worrying 和 insteadof 可推出，此处应填与 worrying 意思相反的词，因此，选项中只有 enjoying 符合题意。9.选 L 此处应填动词，且能与 on 构成搭配。可选项有 settle 和 focus，但从句意来理解，比赛后，许多父母和教练.比赛结果，而且总是在挑剔年轻人在比赛中的表现。settle on“决定，同意：，显然与句意不符，故排除 settle 而选 focus，focus on 在此意为“看重.10.选 B 此处应填形容词。但选项中的形容词有 high 和 intense，应为这个形容词由来修饰名词
39、 level，而 intense 表示“紧张的，强烈的”不能用来修饰 level，故选择 high。The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens（雅典)in 1896 and only twelve nationsparticipated. Besides the host nationman participants were tourists who _1_ to be in Greeceatthe time. Though the whole affair was _2_ and the standardwas not high, t
40、he old principle ofamateur sport was kept up.Since then the games had been held every four yearsexcept during the_3_ of the two World War. This was _4_ adeparture from the old Olympic spirit when warshad to stoPandmake way for the games.The games have grown enormously in scale and_5_performances hav
41、e now reached unprecedented heights.Unfortunately the same cannot besaid about their _6_ standard.Instead of Olympia, the modern games are now held indifferentcities all over the world. Inevitably politics and commercialismget involvedas countriesvie each other for(为 . 而互相竞争) the _7_ to hold the gam
42、es because of thepoliticalprestige and commercial profit to be _8_ out of them. Inthe 11 th games held in Berlinin 1936, Hitler who had newlycome to _9_ in Germany tried to use the occasion for hisNazipropaganda. For the first time the Olympic flame wasbrought all the way from Olympia to thegames si
43、te in relays,a marathon journey now often taking months to _10_.A) honour B) accomplish C) had D) moralE) arrive F) occured G) end H) powerI) happened J) definitely K) Physical L) informalM) interruption N) especially O) irregularANSWERS :1.选 I 空格中要填词为 who 引导的定语从句中的谓语动词，可知此处应填动词的过去式。可选项有 had, occurr
44、ed 和 happened,首先空格所在的 who 引导的定语从句修饰的是tourists“游客”，happened to be in Greece“碰巧在希腊”是符合这样的语境的，而 had to “不得不”和 occur to 表示“想起，想到”都不能使句意通顺。2.选 L and 引导两个意思相近的并列结构，由 the standard was not high“标准不高”可知，此处要填的是和 not high 语气一致的形容词，再由前两句可知，参赛的国家很少并且有很多很多游客参加了比赛，这说明这次比赛没有那么正式，选项中只有 informal 符合题意。选项irregular 则一般表
45、示“（形状）不规则的，（安排）无规律的”，与句意不符，故排除。3.选 M 从句中的 except 可知在两次世界大战中没有比赛，说明的是奥运会因战争而中断。选项中有 end 和 interruption 可表示停止， end“终断”，表示某事中断后不再继续，interruption“中断”，表示某事中断后仍然继续，故选择 interruption。4.选 J 本句主系表结构完整，由此可知，此处应填副词，修饰整个句子。选项中有definitely 和 especially，从句意来理解，这.违背了古老的奥林匹克精神，将 definitely“显然地”带入原文，符合原文的意思；而 especial
46、ly“特别地”表示强调，而此处表示的则是通过比较后得出结果，故排除 especially。5.选 K 奥林匹克比赛中的两个最重要的方面就是竞技水平和运动精神，由 grownenormously in scale 可知，现在参加奥林匹克运动会规模渐大，运动员逐渐增多，因此应理解为体育竞技水平达到了前所未有的高度，因此应选physical。6.选 D 此处应填形容词。由 Unfortunately 和 because of the political prestige andcommercial profit 可推出，不幸的是各国竞争举办奥运的目的是为了政治威望与利益，可见此处说明的是与体育成绩相
47、对应的运动会的道德水准没有得到相应的提高，选项中只有moral 符合题意。7.选 A 此处应填名词。各国争夺举办奥运会，to hold the games 是一种实力象征，也是一种荣耀。选项中有 honour 和 power 可选，power 一般指“（个人或团体所掌握或获得的）职权”，故排除 power 而选 honour“荣幸”。8.选 C 此处应填动词的被动形式，这里考查的是动词 have 的一个搭配用法即 havesomething out of something“从.中得到.”，故这里选这 C）had,表示“举办奥运会带来的政治威望和商业利润。”9.选 H cme to power 是固定搭配，意为“（开始）掌权，上台”。10.选 B 此处应填动词的原形。可选项有 accomplish,arrive和 end,arrive 一般指“到达（某地）”，end 强调的是“（使某事）结束”，因此都不能与 journey 搭配，故排除 arrive 和 end而选 accomplish“完成”。Its never easy to admit you are in the wrong. Being human, we all need t