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1、新人教版高中英语选必一课文原文及翻译（Word精校版）UNIT 1 ARTReading and ThinkingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING西方绘画简史What is western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to u
2、nderstand western art is to look at the development of western painting over the centuries.什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方艺术有如此多不同的风格，不可能在一篇简短的文章里把它们全部描述出来。也许理解西方艺术的最好方法是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。The Middle Ages(from the 5th to the 15th century)中世纪（5世纪至15世纪)During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to t
3、each people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in paintingrealisticscenes. Their works were oftenprimitiveand two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di B
4、ondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是教人们有关基督教的知识。因此艺术家们对写实的场景并不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物往
5、往比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。13世纪，由于乔托迪邦多纳，这种情况开始发生变化。虽然他的画仍然带有宗教主题，但他们表现的是真实环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的绘画作品，更是以其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他绘画作品中脱颖而出。The Renaissance(from the 14th to the 17th century)文艺复兴时期(14世纪至17世纪)New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on
6、 religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanristic attitude to life. An important breakthrough (突破)during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428).Influentialpainters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giott
7、o and Masaccios innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.从中世纪开始，新的观念和价值观逐渐取代了旧的观念和价值观，因此，画家们就很少关注宗教主题了。他们开始对生活采取更人性化的态度。这一时期的一个重要突破是马萨乔对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多达芬奇、米开朗基罗和拉斐尔，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With the
8、ir deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained areputationas a master of shadow and light.另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。一些最好的油画以及深邃的色彩和现实主义风格，看起来就像照片一样。尽管早在达
9、芬奇时代画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他获得了“光影大师”的雅称。In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings,nobles,and people of highrankwanted topurchaseaccurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing impo
10、rtant historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, mostclientswanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.在题材上，重点越来越从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和地位高的人都想购买他们自己和他们所爱的人的精确照片，还有人想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户想要看起来既漂亮又有趣的画作。Impressionism(late 19th to early 20th century)印象派(19世纪末20世纪初
11、)The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this,Impressionismemergedin France. The
12、 name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monets aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene thesubjectiveimpression the scene gave him but not a detailed record of the scene itself.西方艺术发展缓慢，直到19世纪中叶摄影术的发明。在那之后就不
13、再需要绘画来保存人类和世界的面貌了，因此，画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此印象派在法国出现了。这一新运动的名字来自克劳德莫奈的画作印象日出。在这部作品中，莫奈的目的是表达场景中的光和运动，这是场景给他的主观印象，但不是场景本身的详细记录。While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and white photographs of tha
14、t time period, Renoirs paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.虽然许多印象派画家描绘自然或日常生活的场景，但其他画家，如雷诺阿，则专注于(描绘)人。与那个时代冷色的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的绘画充满了光、影、色彩和生机。他不仅力图表现他笔下人物的外在形象，而且还力图表现他们内在的温暖和人性。Moder
15、nArt(from the 20th century to today)现代艺术(20世纪到今天)After Impressionism,subsequentartists began to ask, What do we do next? Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyze the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but drea
16、m-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “what is art?”继印象派之后，后来的艺术家们开始问：“下一步我们要做什么？”像毕加索这样的画家试图用一种新方法立体主义来分析自然界中存在的形状，另一些人则赋予了他们的画作一种现实但梦幻般的质感，还有人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题：“什么是艺术？”Reading for Writ
17、ingANCIENT CHINESEART ON SHOW中国古代艺术展览The Richfield Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our newexhibition, from Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages. Join us as we explore more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom. From bronze bowls to ceramicvases, and jade sculptures
18、to ink wash paintings, our goal is to display the Chinese artistic genius from ancient times.里奇菲尔德美术博物馆隆重推出我们的新展 “从商朝到清朝：中国历代艺术” 。加入我们吧，一起来探索来自“中央王国”（即中国，译者注）三千多年的精彩纷呈的艺术。无论从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，从玉雕到水墨画，我们的目标是展示中国古代的艺术天赋。The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass, on
19、e of the great works of TangYin (1470-1524). Born during the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gainentryinto thecivilservice, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gainedrecognitionas one of the greatest artists China has ever known. This painting, showing high mountains, trees, and ho
20、uses covered in snow, was made with extraordinary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.本次展览的亮点是唐寅 (14701524) 著名的画作之一函关雪霁图。唐寅生于明朝，一心想要踏入仕途而不得，因此转而从事绘画。最终，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。这幅画呈现了白雪覆盖下的高山、树木和房屋，技法超乎寻常。虽然已有500多年之久，但它看起来仍然和创作那一天一样栩栩如生、充满
21、活力。Also of primary note is a collection of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE-1046 BCE). While the artists who made these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating these beautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the coll
22、ection of Emperoror Qianlong (1711- 1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze.同样值得重点关注的还有一组近百件的商朝（公元前 1600年一公元前 1046年) 的青铜器。尽管制作这些青铜器的艺术家不为人所知，但在创作这些精美器物的过程中，他们展现出了非凡的技艺。部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝(1711年一1799年)的收藏品。Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty (618-907) sculptures. Most of
23、these are of Buddhist origin. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier, it did not really begin to showexpansionuntil the seventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus found itself highly influenced by Buddhist art brought from India a
24、nd Central Asia through the Silk Road. These works were intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.最后，我们还有许多唐代(618年907年)的雕塑作品。作品大多数源于佛教。尽管佛教传入中国为时更早，但直
25、到公元7世纪它才真正广泛传播。同一时期，丝绸之路沿线的贸易也蓬勃发展。中国雕塑因此深受丝绸之路从印度和中亚传来的佛教艺术的影响。这些作品的目的是传播佛教，它们都精美绝伦，品质非凡。看着这些雕塑中人物的脸，（你）可以看到过去的面貌。历史被“复活”了。This is just a small taste of what is instore for you in this exhibition. Weguaranteethat From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages will transport you to another time wi
26、th its amazing collection of works.以上只是让你稍微感受下你将在本次展览上看到什么。我们保证“从商朝到清朝：中国历代艺术”展览将通过其精彩的藏品带你进入至另一个时代。From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages will run until November 25th.“从商朝到清朝：中国历代艺术” 展览将持续到11月25日。Opening hours are from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., from Tuesday to Sunday (the museum is closed o
27、n Mondays). No one will be admitted into the exhibition after 4:30 p.m.开放时间为周二到周日（博物馆周一闭馆）。的上午9时到下午5时。下午4:30后禁止入馆。Admission: $10 for adults; $8 for students; $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.门票：成人10美元；学生8美元；12岁以下儿童5美元；5岁以下儿童免费。No photos or food and drink are allowedin the museum.博
28、物馆内禁止拍照、携带食物和饮料。UNIT 2HABITS FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE养成健康的生活习惯As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones
29、when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcoholabuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these fromdominatinga teenagers life is essential. They must learn to recognise bad habits early and make appropria
30、te changes.随着青少年的成长，他们变得更加独立，开始自己做决定。然而在这段时间里，他们中的一些人很容易养成坏习惯。这些坏习惯如果不加以控制，可能会导致他们长大后有更严重的坏习惯。例如，有些青少年可能会沉溺于吸烟或酗酒而不能自拔，这会造成生理或心理健康问题。防止像这样的有害习惯支配青少年的生活是至关重要的，他们必须学会及早发现坏习惯，并做出恰当的改变。To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There isa famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristot
31、le: We are what we repeatedly do. In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if w
32、e understand how habits work.改变坏习惯从来都不容易，即使尝试了很多次。有一条基于亚里士多德哲学思想的著名谚语说道：“重复的行为造就了我们。”在很多方面，我们的生活方式是我们做出的选择的总和。我们选择做某事，然后一遍又一遍的重复它，很快，那种选择就会自动形成一种更加难改变的习惯。好消息是我们可以改变，如果我们了解习惯是如何运作的。According to modernpsychology,we must first learn about the habit cycle, which works like this:根据现代心理学，我们必须首先了解“习惯周期”，其工
33、作原理如下：*Firstly,there is a cue, an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.首先，有一个“提示”，即充当做某事信号的动作、事件或情况。*Secondly,there is a routine , the regular action you take in response to the cue.其次，有一个“惯例”，即回应该“提示”你经常采取的行动。*Thirdly,there is thereward, the good thing or feeling we get
34、 from the routine.第三，有一个“奖励”，即我们从该“惯例”中得到的好东西或感觉。For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.例如，当我们感到不快乐时
35、（提示)，我们就吃很多不健康的零食（惯例），这让我们感到快乐（奖励）。奖励使我们更有可能继续这个循环，依赖不健康零食的坏习惯也就形成了。Tofacilitatea positive change in our bad habits, we must firstexamineour bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we cou
36、ld try to replace anegativeroutine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again(cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favourite music instead(routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to
37、create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator(cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.想要促使坏习惯朝着积极的方向转化，我们必须首先审视自己的坏习惯循环，然后尽力去调整。我们可以通过把来自习惯周期的信息与我们自己的积极想法相结合来做到这一点。例如，我们可以尽量做一些更积极的事情来代替消极的习惯，所以
38、，当我们再次感到不开心时(提示），不要去吃零食，相反我们可以听一些我们喜欢的音乐（惯例），这会让我们感到放松（奖励）。除了改变坏习惯，我们还可以利用习惯周期来养成好习惯。例如，当我们遇到电动扶梯（提示）时，我们通常的做法是乘坐电动扶梯，但我们可以通过爬楼梯来改变这种惯例，使之变得更加积极。Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away, we often becomepessimisticand give up. In fact, the most successfu
39、l way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show somedisciplineand repeatedly take many small steps.
40、 After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.我们中有许多人都试图迅速改变坏习惯，如果我们不能马上成功，我们往往会变得悲观而放弃。事实上，最成功的改变不是一蹴而就的，而是要经过一段时间的。正如中国哲学家老子所言：“千里之行，始于足下。” 一步看似渺小，却是必不可少。为了达到改变的目标，人必须表现出一定的自制力，并不断地迈出许多小步。毕竟，改掉坏习惯并不容易。For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no magicpill o
41、rdeletebutton that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!对于年轻人来说，仍有足够的时间去改变坏习惯。然而，没有“神奇药丸”或删除按钮可以帮助你；你必须考虑一下你的坏习惯，并决定做出一些改变。你有能力建立一个充满良好习惯的快乐而健康的生活！Dear Editor,亲爱的编辑，AfterI attended
42、your summer camp about health and lifestyle choices, I realised I hardly ever felt well, either physically or mentally. I often felt sleepy anddizzy, and lacked passion. Most worrying, though, I got theflueasily and experienced many toothaches, too.在我参加了你们关于健康和生活方式选择的夏令营后，我意识到我几乎感觉不到身体或心理的健康了。我经常感到困
43、倦和头晕，也缺乏激情。最让我担心的是，我很容易得流感，还经历了多次的牙痛。At the end of the camp I heard , Change the world by changing yourself. Thisstimulatedmy motivation. Adentistonce examined me and told me that too much sugar in my meals had damaged my teeth and health. I made up my mind to change two things in my life: to eat no
44、thing with sugar and to exercise regularly.在夏令营结束时，我听说：“通过改变自己来改变世界。” 这激发了我的动力。有一次，一位牙医给我做了检查，他告诉我，我吃的饭里糖太多，已经损害了我的牙齿和健康。我下定决心改变我的生活中的两件事：吃不含糖的食物、定期锻炼。After that I stopped buying all the sweets, biscuits, and sugary drinks that I used to have every day. Whenever I went out with friends. I brought sn
45、acks from home, things that didnt have any added sugar: fruit,nuts, dried meat, etc.从那以后，我不再买以前每天吃的所有糖果、饼干和含糖饮料。每当我和朋友出去的时候，我都会从家里带一些零食，一些没有添加任何糖分的东西：水果、坚果、肉干等等。My exercise was very simple: I went outside every day for at least 30 minutes and did something active. Sometimes I played table tennis or
46、badminton with my cousins. Other times I jumped on myskateboardand rode around my neighbourhood, or just took a long walk.我的锻炼很简单：我每天至少出去30分钟，做一些活动。有时我和堂兄弟姐妹打打乒乓球或羽毛球，其他时间我跳上滑板，在我的社区转悠，或只是走很长一段路。The results have been fantastic. I feel moredynamicand stronger than ever, in both bodyand mind.I sleep s
47、oundly at night now. I no longer suffer from aflu virus or toothaches either. Best of all, in my opinion, is how I feel about myself. I feel like Im in control of my own life. To make choices about myself is within my own power. I CAN change myself. I just need to try.结果非常好。我感到身体和精神都比以前更富有活力，更加强健。我现
48、在晚上睡得很香，也不再受流感病毒或牙痛的折磨了。在我看来，最棒的是我对自己的感觉。我觉得我能掌控自己的生活。对自己做出选择是我力所能及的，我可以改变自己，我只需要去尝试。Yours truly,Wang Lu敬启，王露Dear Editor,亲爱的编辑，As I took part in the summer camp about personal life choices, I started to analyse my choices, especially what I did to relax and how it was affecting my whole life.当我参加了关于个人生活选择的夏令营时，我开始分析我的选择，尤其是为了放松而做的事情，以及它是如何影响我的整个生活的After starting high school, I felt stressedout and always relaxed by playingcomputer games. I got so absorbed that Iplayed the games day and night. Playing w