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1、感谢”珞珈人（武大考博） ”群网友热心提供题源一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.
2、Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception o
3、f retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it
4、 to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will
5、 pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more
6、adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administ
7、ered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quic
8、kly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal
9、place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. Thebesttitleforthisselectionis（ B ）A. FittingPunishmenttotheCrimeB. ApproachestoJustPunishmentC. ImprovementinLegalJusticeD. AttainingJusticeintheCourts2.Thepassa
10、geimpliesthatthebasicdifferencebetweenretributivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeisthe（ C ）.A.typeofcrimethatwasprovenB.severityforthepunishmentC.reasonforthesentenceD.outcomeofthetrial3.Thepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe（ D ）.A.forcedbrainsurgeryB.whippingC.so
11、litaryconfinementD.theelectricchair4.TheBiblicalexpressionaneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”waspresentedinorderto（ D ）.A.prove，thatequalitydemandsjustpunishmentB.justifytheneedforpunishmentasapartoflawC.givemoralbackingtoretributivejusticeD.provethatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjustice Ineveryknownhuman
12、societythemalesneedsforachievementcanberecognized.Ina greatnumberofhumansocietiesmenssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,or ability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfact hastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsome feat.Thisi
13、stheconclusionoftheanthropologistMargaretMeadaboutthewayinwhichtheroles ofmenandwomeninsocietyshouldbedistinguished.Iftalkandprintareconsidereditwouldseemthattheformalemancipationofwomenisfarfrom complete.Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageofwomen andaboutthecomplicatedsystem
14、ofdefenceswhichmenhavethrownuparoundtheir hithertoacceptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesof occupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubt oftheseriousnessofwomenspretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,it issupposed,bringtotheb
15、usinessofrunningtheworld.Thereareagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmensstatus.Inthe firstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,in India,SriLankaandIsrael.Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especially married womenandmothersofchil
16、dren.Morediffuselytherearetheincreasinglynumerous convergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehaviour:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesin dressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsof hithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaof
17、theprimitiveornaturalconditionsof humanlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,but thatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardly feltexpectationsofpeoplessenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiation betweentherolesofthetwosexes.Int
18、hisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohunt andfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorous initiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.5.Thephrasemenssurenessoftheirsexroleinthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey （C ）A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen.B.
19、taketheinitiativeincourtship.C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsideredmanly.D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.6.Thethirdparagraph （A）A.generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraphB.hasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraphC.repeatstheargumentofthesecondparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraph7.Theusualideaofthecavemanint
20、helastparagraph（B）A.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveC.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjokeD.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer8.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelationshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（ D ）A.approvesofB.arguesisnaturalC.c
21、ompletelyrejectsD.expectstogoonchangingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in
22、 the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush
23、 said the step was necessary to promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, comp
24、ared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and D
25、evelopment concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Minister of Finance. What we want i
26、s for the rich countries to let us compete. Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economy over t
27、he past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2023, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the least developed country status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricult
28、ural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which
29、 cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries h
30、ave long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new r
31、ound of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.Bycomparison,farme
32、rs（ C ）receivemoregovernmentsubsidiesthanothers.?A.inthedevelopingworldB.inJapanC.inEuropeD.inAmerica?10.Inadditiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereisa（ A ）motivebehindBushssigningofthenewfarmbill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.Themessagethewriterattemptstoconveythroughoutthepassageisth
33、at（ A ）?A.poorcountriesshouldbegivenequalopportunitiesintrade?B.“theleast?developedcountry”statusbenefitsagriculturalcountries?C.poorcountriesshouldremovetheirsuspicionsabouttradeliberalization?D.farmersinpoorcountriesshouldalsoreceivethebenefitofsubsidies12.Thewritersattitudetowardsnewfarmsubsidies
34、intheU.S.is（ C ）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reserved Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has
35、often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circu
36、mstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction w
37、hich solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Bla
38、ck authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks ov
39、er the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to th
40、at culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since a
41、n attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane
42、, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his d
43、iscussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright,
44、 lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13TheauthorobjectstocriticismofBlackfictionlikethatbyAddisonGaylebecauseit（ D ）.A.emphasizespurelyliteraryaspectsofsuchfictionB.misinterpretstheideologicalcontentofsuchfictionC.misunderstandsthenotionsofBlackidentitycontainedinsuchfictio
45、nD.substitutespoliticalforliterarycriteriainevaluatingsuchfiction14.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（ A ）.A.evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticismB.comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubjectC.discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticismD.summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism15.TheauthorsdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas（ B ）.A.pedanticandcontentiousB.criticalbutadmiringC.ironicanddeprecatingD.argumentativebutunfocused16.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldbe