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1、12/27/20221Introduction to European CultureDivision twoDivision Two The Bible and ChristianityMain points:I.The Old TestamentII.Rise of ChristianityIII.The New TestamentIV.Translations of the BibleI.The Old Testament1.Christianity and JudaismAmong all the religions by which people seek to worship,Ch
2、ristianity is by far the most influential in the West.Both Christianity and Judaism originated in Palestinethe hub of migration and trade route.2.the HebrewsSome 3,800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews the Hebrewswandered through the deserts of the Middle East.About 1300 B.C.,the Hebrews came to s
3、ettle in Palestine,known as Canaan at that time and formed small kingdoms.Their history was handed down orally in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament.3.the Old TestamentThe Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts:the Old Testament
4、 and the New Testament.The Old Testament consists of 39 books,the oldest and most important of which are the first five books,called Pentateuch（摩西五书）.(1)The Pentateuch:Genesis（创世纪）,Exodus（出埃及记）,Leviticus（利未记）,Numbers（民族记）,Deuteronomy（申命记）Stories:The Fall of Man，Noahs Ark,Ten Commandments Adam&Evesed
5、uctionexileNoahs ArkTen Commandments摩西十诫耶和华是所有以色列人惟一信奉的神；不得雕塑和崇拜任何偶像；不得滥用上帝的名义；纪念安息日，守为圣日，六天劳作，第七日休息；孝顺父母；不得杀人；不得通奸；不得偷盗；不得作伪证陷害他人；不得贪念他人之妻子、房产、仆婢和牛羊等。(2)the Historical Books:Book of Joshua（约书亚记）,Book of Judges（士师记）,Books of Samuel(I&II)（撒母耳记）,Books of Kings(I&II)（列王记）,Books of Chronicles(I&II)（历代志）
6、,Book of Ezra（以斯拉记）,and Book of Nehemiah（尼希米记）(3)the Poetical Books:Book of Job（约伯记）,Book of Psalms（诗篇）,Proverb（箴言）,Ecclesiastes（传道书）,Song of Solomon（所罗门之歌）(4)the Prophets Amos（阿摩司书）:the earliest prophetJeremiah(about 650-570 B.C.)（耶利米书）The Book of Daniel（但以理书）II.Rise of Christianity1.The basis of C
7、hristianitytwo forceful beliefs(1)Jesus Christ is the son of God,who is sent by God to redeem mankind.(2)those believe in him should not perish but have everlasting life.2.the life of JesusAt the age of 30,he received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine duri
8、ng the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee,where he apparently made a sensation.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover but was betrayed by Juda.JesusbirthMarie and JesusThe Last SupperCrucifixionCrucifixion2.the spread of Christianit
9、yThe chief persecutions were under Nero（尼禄）,Domitian（图密善）,Trajan（图拉真）,Valerian（瓦莱里安）,and Diocletian（戴克里先）.In 313 the Edict of Milan（米兰敕令）was issued by Constantine I（君士坦丁一世）and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.In 392,Emperor Theodosius（狄奥多西一世）made Christianity the official
10、 religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.III.The New TestamentSome terms of church organizationParish priestDiocese bishop archbishop Cardinal PopeBy 300 A.D.each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.Towards the end of the fourth century four ac
11、counts were accepted as part of the New Testament,which tells the beginning of Christianity.The four accounts were said to be written by Matthew（马太）,Mark（马可）,Luke（路加）,and John（约翰）.They tell of the birth,teaching,death and Resurrection of Jesus.Other contents:the Acts of the Apostles（使徒行传）,the Epistl
12、es（使徒书信）,the Book of Revelation（启示录）Jesus on the Written Gospels1.the birth of Jesus2.Jesus is tempted by the Devil3.the sermon on the Mount4.the Last Supper5.the CrucifixionIV.Translation of the BibleExcept a few passages in the related Aramaic dialect the Old Testament was originally written in He
13、brew.And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint,as according to the fictional letter of Aristeas,it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.The most ancient extant Latin version of th
14、e whole Bible is the Vulgate edition,which was done in 384-405 A.D.by St.Jerome in common peoples language.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.The most important and influential of English Bible is the“Authorized”or King James version,first published in 1611.It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.The use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition:Milton,Bunyan,Byron,Hemingway,Steinbeck,ect.