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1、高中英语语法高中英语语法句子成分句子成分和和基本句型基本句型12/28/20221什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!12/28/20222现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（
2、predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？12/28/20223 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （S+Vi）主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语(S+Vt+O)主语主语 系动词系动词 表表(S+LV+predicative)主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补
3、语宾语补语 (S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。12/28/20224主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由部分一般由1名词，名词，2代词，代词，3不定式，不定式，4动名动名词词5从句充当它的位置一般在句首从句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful
4、.To see is to believe.They are good friends.主语：主语：12/28/20225谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由1简单动词简单动词2或者或者动词短语动词短语构成构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.12/28/20226表语：表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由1名词，名词，2形形容词，容词，3副词
5、，副词，4介词短语，介词短语，5不定式，不定式，6动名词，动名词，7短短语，语，8或者从句充当或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.12/28/20227系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。12/28
6、/20228一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第第一一类类：表表示示特特征征或或状状态态的的，有有bebe，looklook，feelfeel，seemseem，appearappear，smellsmell，tastetaste，soundsound，turn outturn out（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。YouYoull be all right soon.ll be all right soon.You donYou d
7、ont look very well.t look very well.I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold.12/28/20229第第二二类类：表表示示从从一一种种状状态态到到另另一一种种状状态态的的变变化化，有有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。等。He became a world-famous scientist.It is getting warmer and warmer.It grew dark.The food has turned bad.12/28/202210第第三三类类：表表示示保保持持状
8、状态态的的，有有keepkeep，remainremain，continuecontinue，staystay等等。Keep quiet,children!Keep quiet,children!The The weather weather continued continued fine fine for for a a long long time.time.It remains to be proved.It remains to be proved.12/28/202211宾语宾语宾语是动作，行为的对象，由宾语是动作，行为的对象，由1名词，名词，2代词，代词，3短语，短语，4不定式，
9、不定式，5动名词，动名词，6从句充当它和从句充当它和及物动词及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.12/28/202212宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。动词和介词后面。They went to see an exhibition（展览）（展览）yest
10、erday.（名词）（名词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式（不定式短语）短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）（宾语从句）宾语种类宾语种类：（：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接直接宾语），例如：宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：They elected h
11、im their monitor.12/28/202213宾语补足语宾语补足语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make y
12、ourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.12/28/202214附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。短语或从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered(蹒跚）蹒跚）toward a hospital nearbyShe lik
13、es oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations（插图）（插图）Have you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.12/28/202215定语定语定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以
14、充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?A broken vase.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do.It is a swimming pool.12/28/202216状语状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由1副词，副词，2介词
15、短语，介词短语，3不定式不定式4或相当于副词的词或短语充当，或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由也可由5从句来充当从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.12/28/202217John often came to chat with meJohn likes ora
16、nges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语12/28/202218主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓
17、语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake,but strong ones may stay up.12/28/202219
18、nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语宾语宾语(间)宾语宾语(直直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/smell etc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edcla
19、useetc.12/28/202220句子成分练习题句子成分练习题(一一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.12/28/202221(二)选出句中
20、谓语的中心词（10分，10分钟）I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.
21、the library D.afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast12/28/202222 Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is We had better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.d
22、octor He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.did C.whom D.book12/28/202223(三)挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did
23、you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know wh
24、o Father Christmas really is.12/28/202224(四)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.12/28/202225(五)挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.W
25、hat is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!12/28/202226(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分，6分钟）She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-
26、room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?12/28/202227(七)挑出下列句中的状语（8分，8分钟）There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the no
27、ise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to s
28、ee the other machine.12/28/202228(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（）Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?12/28/202229由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书
29、面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句复合句=主句主句+从句从句复复合合句句12/28/202230复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两
30、个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句：1.主语从句主语从句 2.宾语从句宾语从句3.表语从句表语从句 4.定语从句定语从句5.状语从句状语从句 6.同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句1.宾语从句宾语从句2.状语从句状语从句 3.定语从句定语从句12/28/202231复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词
31、从属连词+简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in
32、 that school.宾语从句宾语从句12/28/202232复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is lea
33、ving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.12/28/202233复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose son
34、s were at war.who had signed the contract.12/28/202234复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.12/28/202235复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ag
35、o.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.12/28/202236复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.12/28/202237