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1、第二讲容易“顾此失彼”的“main idea”型主旨大意题2021/8/11 星期三1“main idea”型主旨大意题也属于阅读理解中的深层理解题。这种题型中的干扰项通常和文章中的某一细节有关，因此许多考生往往只根据文中的某一信息盲目确定答案。2021/8/11 星期三2(2013安徽卷)Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply
2、 in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving(铺砌)a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the g
3、round to become groundwater.2021/8/11 星期三3Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱)than areas with more rainfall，but in any case，good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.Thinki
4、ng about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too.In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day！This shows how much we depend on water to live，but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.2021/8/11 星期三4You can take steps to save water in your home.To sta
5、rt with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher(洗碗机)only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.语篇解读本文为一篇议论文。文章讨论的是人类活动对于
6、水供应的隐形影响。2021/8/11 星期三51Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater?AUsing river water.BThrowing batteries away.CPaving parking lots.DThrowing rubbish into lakes.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the ground to become groundw
7、ater.”可知选C项。答案：C2021/8/11 星期三62What can be inferred from the text?AAll water shortages are due to human behavior.BIt takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.CThere is much we can do to reduce family size.DThe average family in America makes proper use of water.2021/8/11 星期三7解析：推理判断题。根据第二段首句“Hu
8、man activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)”可排除A项。根据第三段最后一句“This shows how much we depend on water to live，but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.”可知D项不正确。本文强调的是减少用水量，而不是家庭的人数，故C项错误。根据全文的内容可推知，水浪费、水污染和水需求不断增长，解决水短缺问题需要付出大量的努力。答案：B2021/8/11 星期三83The last paragraph is intended
9、to_.Ashow us how to fix leaks at homeBtell us how to run a dishwasherCprove what drinking glass is best for usDsuggest what we do to save water at home解析：写作意图题。最后一段首句“You can take steps to save water in your home.”为主题句，接下来从四个方面就steps进行了展开，即四个方法或措施。显然，本段主要是讨论我们在家里如何节约用水。答案：D2021/8/11 星期三94The text is
10、 mainly about_.Awhy paving roads reduces our waterBhow much we depend on water to liveCwhy droughts occur more in dry climatesDhow human activity affects our water supply解析：主旨大意题。本文为议论文，文章开门见山直入主题：.clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less
11、obvious ways.2021/8/11 星期三10讨论的是人类对于水供应的显性和隐性影响。第二段首句“Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)”似乎将话题转入自然方面的原因，但接下来的“but in any case，good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs”又将话题转回到人类自身方面管理。第三段中的“Thinking about the way we use water every
12、 day can make a big difference，too.”以及第四段中的“You can take steps to save water in your home.”均指向的是人类行为对于水供应的影响。答案：D2021/8/11 星期三11主旨大意题要求考生要善于抓取文章的主题句。主题句通常表达了文章的中心思想(main idea)，考生找到了主题句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。因此，“主题句定位法”是解答主旨大意题的一种行之有效的方法。主题句通常在文章的开头或结尾出现，但是也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就需要考生抓住文章中的关键词进行归纳概括。2
13、021/8/11 星期三12例如真题示例第4题，文章第一段第一句“Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that.”是文章的主题，用水过多或者把垃圾扔进河里，就是这样的人类行为让我们的水资源处于匮乏之中，但这种方式也影响到我们的用水供应，以下篇幅主要围绕人类如何影响水资源展开的，故D项正确。2021/8/11 星期三13Test 1(2013湖北省武汉名校高三第二次调研测试)Researchers have discovered what they believe to be the fi
14、rst ever recordings of a family Christmas.2021/8/11 星期三14Researchers have discovered what they believe to be the first ever recordings of a family Christmas.They were made 110 years ago by the Wall family who lived in North London.There are 24 clear recordings on wax cylinder records(蜡筒唱片)which were
15、 made between 1902 and 1917.The sound quality of the music recorded is outstanding.Cromwell and Mini Wall had nine children，eight of whom appeared on the earlier recordings made before World War.2021/8/11 星期三15“When I first heard the recordings，I jumped with joy，”said Julia Hoffbrand，a researcher at
16、 the Museum of London who helped restore the recordings.“It was fantastic.We had an idea of what was on the recordings because Cromwell had written very full descriptions on the cylinder boxes.”Many of the recordings were made at family gatherings over Christmas and New Year.Cromwell Wall，who made t
17、he recordings，wheeled the phonograph(留声机)along the streets in his childrens pram(婴儿车)in order to record the sound of Old Southgate Church bells of New Year.2021/8/11 星期三16Some of the later recordings were made during World War when three of the children，who appeared in earlier recordings were absent
18、 from recordings，away at war.The recordings were restored this summer and many of the relatives heard them for the first time in October.It brought back some great memories for Oliver Wall，one of Cromwells grandchildren.“It was a wonderful atmosphere.I remember the occasions always at Christmas and
19、we always had big parties and sang round the piano with grandpa playing.”2021/8/11 星期三17It is very unusual for recordings on wax phonograph cylinders to survive for so long.Phonographs were introduced for use in offices as dictating machines and so it was extremely rare for them to be used to record
20、 domestic sounds and occasions.Julia Hoffbrand said，“Phonographs and cylinders were expensive at that time，so you had to have a certain level of income to record and a level of skill and care to make recordings and to take care of the cylinders.”语篇解读研究人员宣称发现了第一张庆祝家庭圣诞节的录音唱片。2021/8/11 星期三181What is t
21、he main idea of the passage?AThe Wall family in North London celebrated Christmas Day.BEnglish researchers discovered the first recordings of Christmas Day.CCromwell Wall made the first recordings of church bells of New Year.DThe earliest recordings in the world were discovered in England.2021/8/11
22、星期三19解析：考查主旨大意。根据全文主旨句“Researchers have discovered what they believe to be the first ever recordings of a family Christmas.”可知，研究人员宣称发现了第一张庆祝家庭圣诞节的录音唱片。故B项最能概括本文主旨。答案：B2021/8/11 星期三202What do we know about Julia Hoffbrand?AShe made the recordings by herself.BShe helped restore the recordings.CShe wa
23、s a relative of the Wall family.DShe helped keep the recordings.解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“said Julia Hoffbrand，a researcher at the Museum of London who helped restore the recordings.”可知，Julia Hoffbrand负责修复了录音唱片。答案：B2021/8/11 星期三213How did Julia Hoffbrand feel when she first heard the recordings?AVery thrill
24、ed.BVery frightened.CVery annoyed.DVery disappointed.解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句中的“When I first heard the recordings，I jumped with joy，said Julia Hoffbrand”可知，当Julia Hoffbrand第一次听到这个录音的时候她感到非常兴奋。答案：A2021/8/11 星期三224From the last paragraph，we can infer that_.Aphonographs and cylinders are very common nowBthe
25、Wall family were very wealthy at that timeCthe Wall family had to have the recordings madeDthe cylinders were taken good care of by Julia Hoffbrand解 析：考 查 推 理 判 断。根 据 最 后 一 段 中 的“Phonographs and cylinders were expensive at that time，so you had to have a certain level of income to record”可知，留声机和蜡筒唱片当
26、时都非常昂贵，一个家庭要有可观的经济收入才能录制唱片，故可推断Wall一家当时非常富有。答案：B2021/8/11 星期三232021/8/11 星期三24Chicken Soup for the Soul had chosen one of my poems for publication.It was my first published piece and it was a poem I had written for her.I wanted so much to give Olivia a copy of the book with her special poem in it in
27、 person，as a parting gift，but this was our last visit and the books hadnt come yet.After watching her go I slipped upstairs to my room，and took out the small pile of envelopes that were held safely.One by one I opened the cards and letters，and read the notes my“bosom friend”had written to me over ti
28、me.They made me smile，langh and cry all at once.2021/8/11 星期三25The next afternoon the books arrived，each holding my poem，Heart to Heart.“It will give you an excuse to see her again！”Mom said.“Call and see if she can swing by and get it on their way through.”I dashed upstairs to call Olivia.“I have s
29、omething I have to give you before you go.Will you be coming through town on your way to Kentucky？”It was Thursday night and theyd be leaving Saturday.Saturday afternoon，she did.I handed the book to her without a word.She held it in her hands for a moment，saying，“Oh my gosh，I cant believe its here！”
30、2021/8/11 星期三26The truck was out of sight.The road was empty，but my heart was full again.Moments later，Olivia texted me when I was out of minutes(she doesnt like texting，but I guess Im special enough for her to make an exception)It read：“Crying.Thank you.Its more beautiful than you know.”I whispered
31、 the poem，“My dear friend，I will remember you in the sunrise.Remember me in the sunset.”语篇解读这是一篇记叙文，主要描写了两个亲密的朋友分别的情景。2021/8/11 星期三275What present did the writer want to give Olivia?AA book on making chicken soup for health.BA book with a special poem written for Olivia.CA book about solid lasting f
32、riendship.DA book about faith and dreams.解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“I wanted so much to give Olivia a copy of the book with her special poem in it in person，as a parting gift”可知，作者想送给Olivia一本书作为分别的礼物，书中有作者为Olivia写的一首诗，故选B项。答案：B2021/8/11 星期三286The late arrival of the books_.Amade the author angry with the pub
33、lisherBleft the author regretful for not giving one to OliviaCoffered the author a chance of seeing Olivia againDgave the author an excuse to visit Olivia in Kentucky解析：考查细节理解。结合第四段中的“It will give you an excuse to see her again！”以及后文作者和Olivia的再次相见可知，书来得晚了，但给了作者再次见到Olivia的机会。答案：C2021/8/11 星期三297What
34、can we conclude from the text?ATrue friends can grow separately without growing apart.BBe slow in choosing a friend，slower in changing.CA friend without faults will never be found.DA good book is the best of friends，the same today and forever.解析：考查推理判断。文章通过叙述作者与朋友Olivia分开时的不舍，以及作者专门为朋友Olivia创作的小诗等，告
35、诉我们，真正的朋友可以有各自的成长道路，但不会因分离而越来越远，即友谊长存。答案：A2021/8/11 星期三308The passage is mainly about_.Athe story of ending a friendshipBthe true friendship between two girlsCthe meeting of two pen palsDthe pain of moving away from hometown解析：考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，本文通过描述作者和朋友Olivia分别的场景，表现了两人之间友谊的真挚，因此B项正确。答案：B2021/8/11 星期
36、三31Test 3(2013湖北省襄阳五校高三下学期期中联考)Not long ago，selfdriving cars seemed like science fiction.But Google is now operating socalled autonomous cars in California and Nevada.But one question is getting little attention：should selfdriving cars be legal？And if they are，how will the laws of driving have to ad
37、apt？At present all our rules about driving are based on having a human behind the wheel.2021/8/11 星期三32Car crashes are a leading cause of death for Americans ages 4 to 34.Supporters believe that selfdriving cars can make driving safer by eliminating distracted(注意力分散的)driving and other human mistakes
38、.Googles selfdriving cars have cameras on the top to look around them and computers to do the driving.In the first 300,000 miles，Google reported that its cars had not had a single accident.2021/8/11 星期三33As selfdriving cars become more common，there will be many new legal questions.If a selfdriving c
39、ar gets into an accident，the human who is“copiloting(副驾驶)”may not be fully at faulthe may even be an injured party.Who should be responsible for the traffic accident？The human in the selfdriving car or the cars manufacturer？New laws will have to be written to sort all this out.2021/8/11 星期三34How inv
40、olved are we going to expect the human copilot to be？Must the“drivers”remain vigilant，their hands on the wheel and their eyes on the road？If not，what are they allowed to do inside or outside the car？Can the human in the car drink？Textmessage？Read a book?2021/8/11 星期三35At the signing ceremony for Cal
41、ifornias self drivingcar law，Governor Jerry Brown was asked who is responsible when a selfdriving car runs a red light.He answered：“I dont knowwhoever owns the car，I would think.”But we will work that out.That will be the easiest thing to work out.Googles Brin joked，“Selfdriving cars dont run red li
42、ghts.”Neither answer is sufficient.Should selfdriving cars be legal，they were likely to start showing up faster and in greater numbers than people expect.But if that is the case，we need to start thinking about the legal questions now.2021/8/11 星期三36语篇解读本文为议论文。最近美国的加利福尼亚州和内华达州通过立法，允许无人驾驶汽车在这两个州行驶。作者认
43、为在无人驾驶汽车普及之前，我们应该修改交通法规。9If selfdriving cars are legal，all rules about driving have to be changed，because_.Athe present rules about driving are aimed at human driversBthe present rules about driving are out of dateChuman driving is different from selfdrivingDselfdriving cars will never violate rules
44、 for driving2021/8/11 星期三37解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段最后一句“At present all our rules about driving are based on having a human behind the wheel.”可知，目前的交通法规针对的是驾驶汽车的司机，而关于无人驾驶汽车的交通法规还是空白。故如果无人驾驶汽车合法的话，所有目前的交通法规都得重新修改。答案：A2021/8/11 星期三3810What is the main idea of the third paragraph?ADangers of human driving.BLead
45、ing causes of death for Americans.CDisadvantages of selfdriving cars.DReasons for supporting selfdriving cars.解析：考查段落大意。根据第三段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是支持无人驾驶汽车者的理由：无人驾驶汽车很安全。答案：D2021/8/11 星期三3911What does the underlined word“vigilant”in Paragraph 5 mean?ARelaxed.BCareless.CDangerous.DAlert.解析：考查词义猜测。根据画线词后面的描述“t
46、heir hands on the wheel and their eves on the road”以及“If not”后的内容可以判断，vigilant意为“警觉的，警惕的”。答案：D2021/8/11 星期三4012Which of the following does the author most likely agree to?AIt is high time that all states in the USA made self driving cars legal.BA human driver should take responsibility if selfdrivin
47、g cars run red lights.CRules for driving should be adapted before we make selfdriving cars legal.DThe human drivers in selfdriving cars should not be allowed to drink.2021/8/11 星期三41解析：考查细节理解。根据最后一段最后一句“But if that is the case，we need to start thinking about the legal questions now.”可知，作者认为在无人驾驶汽车普及之前，我们现在就应该考虑交通法规的问题。答案：C2021/8/11 星期三422021/8/11 星期三43