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1、第一部分考研翻译评分标准、英语试卷评分执行细则一、英译汉评分标准说明1 .如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。2 .如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分；若其中一种译法错误，不给分。3 .汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分。示例：2001年英译汉评分标准各句的分数段划分及实例如下：71. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,/(1)1分and cars with pollution monitors that will disable the
2、m /when they offend(2)1分(3)1分答案：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。可接受译法不可接受译法(1) There will be . robots 将会有机器人主持的谈话/聊天/讨论/表演；将有被机器人安装的电视聊天节目；(hosted错译扣1分)(2) and cars .them和有污染监控器装置的汽车，这些装置致使汽车失灵/无法运行/瘫痪/不能前进/不能开动/将阻止汽车开动关系代词如指汽车，则扣1分；disable错译扣0.5分；them (指汽车)指代关系错译，如译成监控器，扣1分
3、，但本部分扣分最多不得超过1分。(3) when they offend当汽车污染超量时。当有污染监控器的汽车冒犯时。(本段中offend错译扣1分)整句示例例1.将有由机器人主持的电视闲谈节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。当汽车违反污染控制时；污染控制器将使汽车无法运转。(3分)例2.将会有机器人主持的电视聊天节目产生，并且有带有污染监控器的汽车。在汽车违反规章时就会不能前进。(2分)例3.将会出现被机器人控制的电视聊天节目，以及带有污染监控器的汽车在破坏环境时，使司机不能工作。(1分)72. Children will play with dolls equipped with personal
4、ity chips,(1)1分computers with inbuill peisonalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,(2)1分relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision, and digilal age will have arrived.(3)1分答案：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。可接受译法不可接受译法(1) Children will play . ch
5、ips孩子们将与装有个性集成电路块的玩孩子们将要玩具有性格集成块的玩具； dolls译成“玩具”扣0.5分；具娃娃玩；孩子们将会玩装有集成电路块的有个人性格的玩偶：personality 为：“性格、个性”；chips译成“锌片”扣0.5分；personality译为“个人”扣0.5分（2） computers . tools带有内装个性的计算机将被认为是同事而不是工具；内部装有人格化芯片的电脑将不会被看作工具而是被看作工作同伴；具有性格的计算机将被看作是同事而不是工1 L.（in-built错译或漏译扣0.5分）；（3） relaxation will be . arrived（relaxa
6、tion译为放松、休息、消遣、娱乐”均为可接受译法。）休息时前面的计算机就会发出气味（扣1分）：（本段译文基本意思正确，个别词错译或漏译均扣0.5分。）整句示例:例1.孩子们将会与装有个生化集成电路片的玩偶玩耍，内装个性的电脑将被认为是工作同伴而不是工具，消遣将会在释放气味的电视机前进行，那就是说数字化时代就己到来。（3分）例2.孩子们将用装有人的性格的玩具玩，内装性格的计算机将被看作是同伴而不是工具，娱乐将出现在有气味的电视机前面，数字化时代将已到来。（2分）例3.孩子们能够与安装了人工智能的玩具玩，电脑一旦安装了个性程序，它将视为伙伴而不是工具,看有香味的电视的时代即将到来。（1分）73.
7、 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world,（1）1分to produce a unique miHenium technology calender that gives the laslesl dates,（2） 1分when wk can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries lo take place.（3） 1分答案：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术年历，它列出了人们有
8、望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期.可接受译法不可接受译法（Dpieced together:汇集；收集;综合；拼集在一起around the world：世界各地，全世界；来自全世界召集/让在一起（工作）拼凑；记载；整理：统计：组装；（扣0.5分）周围世界；关于世界的；有关该领域的（扣0.5分）（2） unique:独特的；独一无二的；唯一的 millennium technology calendar；技术干年历；千年技术日历latest dates ：最近/迟日期统一的；天才的（扣0.5分）技术方案；科技日记/记录（扣0.5分）入门技术计划：微型技术日历（扣0.5分）最新时代特征：新的
9、数据/材料；最新时期/信息（扣0.5分）(3) when: key breakthroughs:重大突破；关键性突破当时（扣1分）关键破解/难题（扣0.5分）整句示例:例1.未来学家皮尔森已将世界上数以百计的研究者的工作成果拼合起来，制成了独一无二的千年技术日历，它将给我们所能期望得到的几百个重要发现和突破发生的最近的日期。（3分）例2.皮尔森已将世界上成百科研者的工作综合起来，制成了一个独一无二的千年技术年历，给了我们一个最近日期，当我们能希望数百关键发现和突破不断出现。（2分）例3.皮尔森把世界各地成百上千科研者的工作总集起来，产生一项技术，即当我们能希望找到百把钥匙并有所发现时，它能给出
10、最新的数据。(1分)74. But that. Pearson points out, is only ihe start of man-machine inlegration(1)1分Il will be (he beginning of the long process of integralion(2) I 分ihal will ultimately lead lo a fully electronic human before Ihe end oihe nexl cenlury.”(3) I 分答案：皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使
11、人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”可接受译法不可接受译法(1) But that is .That所指代的内容不译出扣0.5分. integration是人机综合的起点；是人机集成的开端；是人和机器结合的开始；是人和机器结为一体的开端；是人机集成技术的一个开端人造机器集成的开端；这仅仅是人造机器人集成工艺的开始：如果人造机器的研究开始；那仅仅是人造机械一体化的开始；这仅仅是人化机器整体的一个开端；这仅仅是人机交流的开始；这预测仅仅只是人类机器时代升级的开始；这仅是人工机械系统的开始：(2) It will. of integration它将成为长期的综合过程的开始：它将成为漫长的
12、集成历程的开始；这是一体化漫长过程的开端；它将成为整体化长久过程的开端；这将是交流的长期过程的起始(3) that will. next century这项技术将人机结合在下世纪末之前必将最终导致完全的电子人：这种结合将在下个世纪结束前最终引起完全电子人的出现。将引导我们实现全电子人类；将在下个世纪之前；并将导致完全电子人类直到下个世纪末；“电子人”最终出现的时间可能是到下世纪末；将会产生电子人类；整句示例：例1.但是，皮尔森指出这种进步仅仅是人和机器结合的开始：“人与机器的结合将是一个很长的进程,这只是一个开端，人机结合在下世纪末之前必要将最终导致完全电子人的出现。(3分)例2.但是，皮尔森
13、指出，那仅仅是人机综合的起点：“它将成为长期的综合过程的开始，这个过程最终将引导我们在下个世纪末之前实现完全电子人类。(2分)例3.但是，人们也指出，如果人造机器的研究开始：“它将成为一个长时间研究的开始并将导致完全电子人类直到下世纪末。(1分)75. And home appliances will also become so smart(1) 1分that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout(2) 1分of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rane(3)1分答案：家
14、用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病厨房狂躁。可接受译法不可接受译法(1) home appliances:家具、家庭设施；家庭电器；家用电器；家用机器人；（注：没有翻出“电器”，扣0.5分。）（2） smart:聪明、有智慧；精巧、精细、精致；轻巧、轻松；便捷、漂亮、方便、迷人；敏锐、突出、简单轻松：精密；（注：smart错译扣0.5分。）(3) breakout:泛滥，突破，打破，开始；爆发，出现；问世，破坏，发泄；发作，发生；变革；（注：breakout错译扣0.5分。）(4) psychological disorder:心理失衡；心理混乱，心理不平衡；
15、心理不正常，心理失调；心理扭曲；心理紊乱，心理错乱；(注：psychological disorder 错译扣0.5分。)(5) kitchen rage:厨房抑郁症、厨房危机厨房愤怒、厨房盛怒；厨房生气了、厨房紊乱；厨房烦躁、厨房狂躁症；厨房革命、厨房范围；厨房生气、厨房火气；厨房心态；厨房怒气；(注：kitchen rage 错译扣0.5分。)整句示例：例1家用电器也将变得如此有智慧，以至于操作和控制它们将导致一种新的心理混乱的爆发厨房愤怒。（3分）例2.而且家庭用具也将变得这样灵敏，以至于控制和操作它们就会导致一种新的心理失衡的爆发即所谓的厨房火气。（2分）例3.家庭供应也将变得如此精细
16、，以致控制和操作它们将会导制新心理不正常的泛滥厨房。（1分）第二部分考研翻译基础理论知识一、考研翻译中英汉语语言特点1）形合与意合2）繁复与简短3）被动与主动4）抽象与具体二、考研翻译的步骤和方法四步翻译法：（1） 通读全文，准确理解（2） 分析成分，划分意群（3） 选择词意，贴切表达（4） 适当调整，书写译文具体实施：1 .通读全句（1）在准确理解的基础上，按照英语语法结构拆分句子。拆分的原则是语法相对独立，意义上相对完整的语法单位。（2）找出句子的主干结构（主、谓、宾），再找出各种修饰成分，搞清修饰成份之间的关系。2 .词的处理：在句子关系中理解词语的特定含义，尤其是多义词。（以上两个步骤
17、是要达到英语理解准确而全面的目的）3 .根据汉语的习惯至新组合句子，以保证汉语表达的通顺和标准，也就是说在句子中所有语法拆分清楚，所有的词语都没有疑义之后才开始汉语翻译，以符合汉语次序习惯为准则，对各个语法单位重新组合。4 .汉语句子的检查：通读全句，一方面要检查各个句子中的要点、难点，另一方面要注意句子的翻译的完整性，不可漏译、少译。最后，句子要在语境中和文章内容一致，防止整个句子翻译错误、意义扭曲。三、考研翻译考点的译法1、定语从句有两种翻译方法：（1）前置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词前面。定语从句结构比较简单，信息负载量不大，并且与先行词的关系比较密切（限定性的定语从句）翻译时，把定
18、语从句放在他所修饰的先行词前面，用“的”这样的结构来表达。（2）后置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句结构比较繁杂，信息负载量比较大，与先行词的关系不太密切，翻译时，可以把定语从句放在所修饰的先行词的后面。这样我们通常要重复先行词或代词代替先行词，有时需要加连词。2、定语：（1）分词短语做定语（2）不定式做定语。一般来说，把定语翻译到定语中心词之前，但是因为分词和不定式有明显的动词特征，所以少数情况下，可直接翻译在中心词之后。（3）介词短语做定语（4）形容词短语做定语：从后向前翻译3、同位语从句的翻译：加“:同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是一句完整的话，不缺少任何成份；定语
19、从句的先行词在句子中充当成份，等于引导词，其先行词的数量很多，而同位语的先行词数量则很少，常用的有news、 fact、conclusion idea, suggestion 等4,时态的翻译：增词法（1）所有跟过去相关的时态增加“过去”、“一直”、“已经还有“了”；（2）所有跟进行相关的时态常常用“正在”（3）所有跟将来相关的时态用“将”、“将要”、“就要”5、there be句型的翻译：通常用“有”来翻译（1）用英语原文中的状语作汉语译文的主语，再加“有”（2）加汉语的泛指主语，如“人们”、“大家”、“每一个人”、“我们”（3）直接翻译“有”，翻译成汉语的无主句6、并列结构：并列结构是指两
20、个或两个以上的并列成份有明显的连词标记，或标点符号连接，最常见的标记词是and 还有其他固定结构 or ,but ,both and ,nether nor ,not but ,as well as ,not only but also ,翻译时，常常重复并列成份，不一定都翻译成和，可以根据意思来灵活翻译。7、状语、状语结构一般来说，英语中状语、状语从句照顺序来翻译即可，但状语和状语从句在汉语中位置都比较灵活，有时可根据汉语习惯把原因、时间和条件状语从句提前，放在主句之前翻译：状语还通常翻译在主语之后，动词之前，时间在前，地点在后。8、倒装结构：翻译的要点在于在做好句子结构的分析，恢复其正常句
21、子的顺序之后再进行翻译。9、插入结构：（1）放在前面（若句子联系不紧密）（2）按从句的方式翻译10、被动结构：被动变主动(1)英语中被动句使用极为广泛，尤其是科普类议论文，为了强调客观上的事实，不带主观感情，翻译是一般翻译成主动句，如果主语、宾语的主动关系明显，则采用主宾颠倒的方式把英语主动句的宾语作为汉语被动句的主语，有时被动句缺主语，则可以补上泛指的主语。(2)有时主宾关系不明显，也可以按照英语顺序翻译，-一般不用被字结构。但有时可以采用如“由来，为所”等被字结构，仍译成汉语的被字结构。11、形式主语可以固定翻译，一般翻译到整句话前面。12、长句猜意拆分与组合：拆出主干，分清层次六个拆分点
22、：1.连词；2.引导词；3.介词；4.分词；5.to；6.标点不需要断开的地方：单个的单词不拆分出来。拆分的法则：语法；组合的法则：汉语习惯。第三部分英译汉全真试题UnitlAccording to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(71) Science moves forward, they say, nol so much ihrough ihe insighls of greal men of
23、 genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(72)“In short，a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable di
24、rections.”(73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modem school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell Einstein, and inventors such as Edison
25、 attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technologies, genius no advocate was an analysis of Galileo, s role at the start of the scient
26、ific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74) Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the he
27、avens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists* was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. ge
28、nius dispute.(75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science al the expense of technology or vice versa (反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as (he driving force.Unit 2The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, c
29、lassifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines* the daily press* and even in Congress.(71) The target is wrong, for in attacking he tests. critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed o
30、r incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed
31、 predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records or whatever is appropriate.(72) How well ihe prediclions will be validalcd by laler Derformance depends upon ihe amotml, reliability, and approDriateness
32、 of ihe informalion used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a qui
33、ck objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.(73) Whether lo use tests, other kinds of
34、 information, or both in a particular situation depends, iherefore, upon ihe evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74) In general,he tests work most effectively when he qualities lo be measured can be most precisely defined and leasl
35、 effectively when whal is lo be measured or predicated can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do n
36、ot do.(75) For example, ihey do nol compensale for gross social inequalily, and ihus do nol lell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Unit 3The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several caus
37、es.(71) Some of these causes are complelely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific
38、theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.(72) This irend began during Ihe Second World War, when several governments came lo ihe conclusion that the specific de
39、mands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establis
40、hment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the app
41、ropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but
42、 a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.(74) However, ihe world is so made Ihal eleganl systems are in principle unable lo deal wilh some of (he worlds more fasc
43、inating and delightful aspects.(75) New forms of thought as well as sew subjects for thought must arise in ihe fulure as ihey have in ihe past, giving rise lo new standards of elegance.Unit 4Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way
44、 to start.(71) Aclually, it isnt, because it assumes that here is an agreed account of human rights, which is something ihe world does nol have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.C2) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract
45、, as part of an exchange of duties and entillements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It deni
46、es rights not only to animals but also to some people-for instance, to infants? the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says I dont like this contract?”The point is
47、 this without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.(73) It leads ihe discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you t。think that animals should be Created either wilh ihe consideration humans exlend lo other humans, or wilh no consideration al all.
48、 This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, exlrcmisls of ihis kind Ihink ihal animals lie oulsidc Ihc area of moral choice. A