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1、2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they use
2、d to be. We suddenly cant remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as senior moments. 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on o
3、ur professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic
4、 cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand a
5、nd fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 . The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program
6、keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.A
7、 why B when C that D where2.A improves B fades C collapses D recovers3.A While B Unless C Once D If4.A uneven B limited C damaging D obscure5.A relationshipB environment C wellbeing D outlook6.A turns B finds C points D figures7.A responses B roundabouts C workouts D associations8.A genre B criterio
8、n C circumstances D functions9.A channel B process C sequence D condition10.A excel B feature C persist D believe11.A However B Moreover C Otherwise D Therefore12.A instead of B regardless of C apart from D according to13.A back B further C aside D around14.A framework B stability C sharpness D flex
9、ibility15.A hurries B reminds C forces D allows16.A order B track C hold D pace17.A to B on C for D with18.A constantly B habitually C irregularly D unusually19.A carry B put C build D take20.A risky B familiar C idle D effectiveSection Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions：Read the following four
10、texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless
11、 arrive at the job centre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the
12、 jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “Were doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concer
13、ned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting
14、the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifyi
15、ng psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.
16、 Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency- permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state o
17、nly too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever- tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payment
18、s if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseekers allowance-invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allo
19、wance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osbornes scheme was intended to _.A motivate the unemployed to report voluntarilyB provide the unemployed with easier access to benefitsC encourage jobseeker
20、s active engagement in job seekingD guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits22. The phrase “to sign on” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means _.A to register for an allowance from the governmentB to accept the governments restrictions on the allowanceC to check on the availability of jobs a
21、t the jobcentreD to attend a governmental job-training program23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?A A desire to secure a better life for all.B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.C An urge to be generous to the claimants.D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. Accordin
22、g to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel _.A insultedB uneasyC enragedD guilty25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?A Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.B The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.C The jobseekers allowance has me
23、t their actual needs.D Osbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.Text 2 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession-with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than Am
24、erica. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead bec
25、ome the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized b
26、y the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their custo
27、mers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law schoo
28、l. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structur
29、e of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isol
30、ates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms e
31、fficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to _.A the growing demand from clientsB the increasing pressure of inflationC the prospect of worki
32、ng in big firmsD the attraction of financial rewards27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?A Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.B Pursuing a bachelors degree in another major.C Admissions approval from the bar association.D Receiving traini
33、ng by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from _.A non-professionals sharp criticismB lawyers and clients strong resistanceC the rigid bodies governing the professionD the stern exam for would-be lawyers29. Theguild-like ownership structure is conside
34、red “restrictive” partly because it _.A prevents lawyers from gaining due profitsB keeps lawyers from holding law-firm sharesC aggravates the ethical situation in the tradeD bans outsiders involvement in the profession30. In this text, the author mainly discusses _.A flawed ownership of Americas law
35、 firms and its causesB the factors that help make a successful lawyer in AmericaC a problem in Americas legal profession and solutions to itD the role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal educationText 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexande
36、r Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from
37、 the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quot
38、ed in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-re
39、view-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better r
40、eward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldare distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences incl
41、ude. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boso
42、n. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers woul
43、d accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanismthat is the culture of research, after allbut it is the prize-givers money to do with as they ple
44、ase. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as _.A a symbol of the entrepreneurs wealthB a possible replacement of the Nobel PrizesC a handsome reward for researchersD an example of bankers investments32. The critics think that the new awards
45、 will most benefit _.A the profit-oriented scientistsB the founders of the awardsC the achievement-based systemD peer-review-led research33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves _.A the joint effort of modern researchersB controversies over the recipients statusC the dem
46、onstration of research findingsD legitimate concerns over the new prizes34.According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?A History has never cast doubt on them.B They are the most representative honor.C Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.D Their endurance has done justice to them.35. The author believes that the new awards are _.A harmful to the culture of researchB acceptable despite the criticismC subject to undesirable changesD unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released r