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1、考研英语阅读理解基础讲义商志主编编讲商志主讲介绍:高等教育出版社考研英语高分系列丛书主编,“考研路 上最不可错过的一位英语老师”人生规划大师,考研英语辅导史上划时代的人物,考研 英语辅导高分神话的缔造者中国单词第一人,传奇考研英语满分写作创始人,硕士 研究生入学考试英语首席主讲,应试之王直取本质、彻底破解,主讲的考研英语保过班、标准班 都成为了考研界无人能够企及的巅峰之作,创造了多项他人 无法打破的记录拨开考研迷雾 打破英语瓶颈 揭示致命误区,铺就高分坦途Reading ComprehensionSection A: Directions:Read the following four tex
2、ts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Part I总论i.考试大纲的要求最新考研英语考试大纲指出:“考生应能读懂各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料 （生词量不超过文章总字数的3%）,还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明 和产品介绍等。对所读材料,考生应能:1 .理解主旨要义;2 .理解文中的具体信息;3 .理解文中的概念性含义;4 .进行相关的判断、推理和引申；5 .根据上下文推测生词的词义；6 .
3、理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系；7 .理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8 .区分论点和论据。II,阅读理解的三要素:1. 1.课文（text）的特点（-）题材内容涉及社会科学、自然科学和人文科学各个领域的知识,其中社会科学所占比堂 较大,自然科学所占比重不大,人文科学近来有增加的趋势。社会科学常涉及的领域有经济 学、心理学、社会学、教育学、传播学等，但政治、军事不涉及。自然科学主要涉及医学、 生物学、工程和科学史等。人文科学主要涉及文学评论、语言、杂文和散文等。（二）文体在体裁上,大纲要求能读懂四类文章:议论文、说明文、记叙文和应用文（如信函、 技术说明和产品介绍等）。口出题以议论文和说明
4、文为主。（三）文章来源历年考研英语试卷上阅读理解A部分的四篇文章几乎全部选自英语国家文献资料:2013Text 1 Fast Fashion Business Week （商业周刊）2012 年6 月 21 日）Text 2 Microsoft and Privacy: Change of Track* Economist （经济学家）2012 年6月9 日）Text 3 4tThc Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind*New Scientist（新科学家）2012年9月Text 4 The Balance of Power between the Federal
5、 and the States* Wall Street Journal年6月25日2012Text 1 Herd Mentality* Time（时代,2011年3月24日）Text 2 Vermont Yankee Plants Owner Must Honor Its Own Promises* B （波士顿网站）2011 年4月24日）Text 3 Everyday Practice of Science: Where Intuition and Passion Meet Objectivity and Logic”Text 4 Enemies of Progress: the Big
6、gest Barriers to Public-sector Reform Are the Unions Economist （经济学家,2011年3月17日）2011Text 1 t4SellingClassical Music Commentary （评论,2007年9月）Text 2Top Managers Are Quitting, Without a New Job Business Week （商业周刊）2009年9 月 5 日）Text 3Beyond Paid Media: Marketings New Vocabulary Forbes （福布斯）2010 年12月3 日）T
7、ext 4 Not on Board with Baby Newsweek （新闻周刊,2009年9月7日）2010Text 1k*The Amateur as CriticCommentary （评论,2009年6月）Text 2t4A Pending Threat to Patents Business Week （商业周刊）2008年2月21 日）Text 3 Who Drive Social Epidemics Harvard Business Review （哈佛经济评论,2007年2月）Text 4 l4Bankers on The Wrong Planet M Economist
8、 （经济学家,2009年4月）2009Text 1 Can You Become a Creature of New Habits New York Times （纽约时报,2008年5 月4日）Text 2 Whos Your Daddy? The Answer May Be at the Drugstore Scientific American （科学美国 人,2008年11月14日）Text 3 u Educating Global Workers Mckinsey Quarterly （麦肯锡季刊,2003年 12月）Text 4 Civilization Intellectual
9、Life in America: A History （美国历史:文化教育1989年） 2008Text 1Gender Inequality : Women Under StressDiscovery （探索频道,2006年5月 日）Text 24The Paperless LibraryEconomist（经济学家,2005年9月24日）Text 3“Napoleons RevengeScientific American（科学美国人,2001 年7月 17 日）Text 44,The Sorry Legacy of the FoundersUS News and World Report
10、（美国新闻与世界报道）2007Text 1“A Star is Made”New York Times（纽约时报,2006年5月7日）Text 2Intelligence Considered*Scientific American（科学美国人）Text 3kiThe Middle Class on the PrecipiceHazard Magazine （哈佛杂志,2006年1 月）Text 4“Information SecurityEconomist（经济学家,2005年6月23日）2006Text 2“Inside MeaningThe Observer （观察家报）Text 3“c
11、eans eleventh hour? Economist（经济学家,2003年5月 15日）lext4The Art of Unhappiness”Time（时代,2005年 1 月 17 日）2005TextlkTair and SquareEconomist.（经济学家,2003年9月 18日）Text 2Washington Post（华盛顿邮报时事评论）Text 3TakingControlNewsweek（新闻周刊,2002年7月 15日）Text 4Talking DownEconomist（经济学家,2004年1 月2日）2004Textlw Putting the Net t
12、o Work. US News & World R 叩 ort （美国新闻与世界报道,1997 年 10 月27 日）Text2“AseasyasZYX. Economist （经济学家,2001 年8月30日）Text3Whats a Shopper to Do? Newsweek （新闻周刊,2000年 12 月 18 日）Text4“Nurturing the Life of the Mind, ASBJ （2001 年1 月美国学校輦事会杂志）大纲要求理解主旨要义理解文中的具体信息理解文中的概念性含义进行相关的判断、推理和引申 根据上文推测生词的词义 理解文章的总体结构及上下文之间的关
13、系 理解作者的意图、观点或态度区分论点和论据2 .题(questions)的特点题型（一）主旨题（-）事实细节题,判断题（三）句子理解题（四）推理题（五）词义题（六）文章/段落总体结构题、例证题&新题型（七）态度题（八）论据与论点之间关系题&新题型3 .3.选项（choices）的特点（一）改写（paraphrase）（二）引申（implication）（二）无关（irrelevance）III.阅读理解复习的致命误区1 .两大误区在规定时间内草草看过、抓大意不求其解的文章的太多,认真细读、透彻分析和总结的 语言点和句子结构的太少;在规定时间内草草做过、其至连蒙带猜的题太多,对题和选项认真细读
14、、透彻分析的太 少,对题的规律和选项的规律系统总结和归纳的太少。2 .发作表现即便有些语言点和结构已看过n次,在第n+1次再看到它时还是似会非会、似是而非、 朦胧晕眩、半死不活的感觉;即便有些类型的题、有些种类的选项已遇到过n次,在第n+1次遇到时还是没想到这种 题型、这种选项的规律,所以做题依然只能靠蒙。3,后果大量做真题和模拟题成为了一种自我安慰、自欺欺人的手段，而真正的阅读水平、真正 的得分并没有得到提高,原来怎么梦游还怎么梦游、原来错几个依然错几个。IV.阅读理解复习的科学方法（-）课文（texts）精读和泛读的合理结合+知识面/背景知识2004-2013年阅读理解A部分共考了40篇文
15、章,要做到精读，彻底分析透其中的每 个句子中的语言点、彻底分析透每一段中句子之间的关系。此后,把这40篇课文按题材横 向总结。泛读和真题难度相当、题材一致的模拟题,乃至相关汉语读物，以扩大相关知识面。1 .词汇的识别能力“考生应能掌握5,500个左右的词汇以及相关词组”首先,历年text中反复出现的高频核心词汇要高度熟练掌握。此外,熟词生义要反亜背记3147核心词汇宝典（注意:必须是2014最新升级版。 因为只有最新升级版包含最新考研英语考试大纲新增加的单词）上给出的汉语释义:claim, act, cause, late, modest, preserve, program, reason
16、/reasoning, remains,.最后,学有余力又想考高分的同学,还要花时间对大纲里未曾考过的生僻词做到认识。2 .2.长难句的理解能力主语、谓语、宾语;插入成分、定语、状语、同位语;从句:非谓语动词;被动语 态;强调、倒装;虚拟语气、独立主格结构;it的用法;with短语的用法3 .篇章的宏观把握能力和段落的分析能力彻底掌握每篇课文，就不仅仅要聚焦于对单词、句子的局部理解,还要对篇章以及段 落的总特点、对文章的结构进行分析。直充,要熟知考研英语文章的行文模式,抓住文章的 总体结构,了解作者中心意图,推测全文大意;其玄，要注意分析每段中句子的一致性与连 贯性:段落的一致性表现在全段由一
17、个主题句统领，后面跟有若干支持句。所有的支持 句必须为主题句服务，围绕该主题句展开，或陈述原因，或罗列事实、步骤和情节。大 多数段落主题句的位置在段首，尤其是从第二段起以后的段落。但段落主题句也可能出 现在段落中间或最后，尤其是第一段。段落的连贯性是指段落中句子与句子之间的衔接必须合乎逻辑，即思想发展合乎 逻辑，过渡性词语使用恰当,层次分明,脉络清晰，联系紧凑,语句流畅，使读者容易 掌握作者的思路，了解段落意思。实现段落的连贯性，除了要合理地安排素材，使逻辑 联系自然、紧凑外,在结构上,还可以通过其他手段来达到连贯性的目的,如重复关键 词、合理使用代词及其他起指代作用的词、使用过渡性词语、使用
18、平行结构等。要总结出每段的主旨或找出每段的主题句（区分主题句与支持句）；还要分析每段中 句与句之间的关系。（二）题（questions）熟悉各种题型的解题思路,提高各种题型的剖析能力;主旨题,例证题,细节题,单词 理解题（词汇题）,作者态度题、推理题等。（三）选项（choices）了解出题人在造选项时的命题思路，并加强研究正确答案和干扰项的特点。V、特别提醒1 .整理出（至少是反复记忆）文章中出现频率较高的2000个左右核心词汇;2 .熟练掌握文中的路标词和句子;3 .熟悉阅读中最重要的句型,包括插入、定语从句，状语从句，名扩,并列,分词,倒装等;4 .熟练掌握对文章进行宏观分析的阅读方法:包
19、括查找文章的中心（词），熟悉文章的结 构,作者情感态度等；5 .熟练掌握对文章进行微观分析的阅读方法:根据题干,推出作者的出题意图，根据 题干和选项能够到文章中准确定位,并准确分析相关句、句对、句段或句篇，能意识到选 项中常见的陷阱、常见的线索提示信息;6 .熟悉文章的写作的风格，描述型,定义型,比较对比型,因果型,驳斥型,时间变化型等 描述性结构（主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点,对人物、事件的描述中,时间、 地点等往往是出题重点） 释义性结构（解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述） 比较性结构（把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比） 原因性结构（这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客
20、观的、主观的、直接的、间接的） 驳斥性结构（这种结构主要是先介绍种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其 优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点）。考研英语阅读理解基础讲义二商志主编Part Two Original Tests1997Passage 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became t
21、he first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure was passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away by John Hofsess, executive director of t
22、he Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on line service, Death NET Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnt just something that happened in Australia. Its world history.0The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Term
23、inally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief others, including churches, rightto-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the
24、tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia where an aging population, life extending technotogy and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathe
25、ring strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death probably by a deadly injection or pill to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a cooling off perio
26、d of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lbyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer; the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with livingwithout the haunting fear of his suffering: a t
27、errifying death from his breathing condition. Im not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,0 he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that.A) the obje
28、ction to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB) physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC) changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD) it takes time to realize the significance of the laws passage52. When the author says that observers are
29、waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means.A) observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB) similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countriesC) observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoesD) the effect taking pro
30、cess of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will.A) face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiaB) experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC) have an intense fear of terrible sufferingD) undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The authors
31、 attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of.A) oppositionB) suspicionC) approvalD) indifferencePassage 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly; courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fail； this observation is also frequently made of Canada an
32、d Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many pa
33、rts of the country; a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh real
34、ities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It refl
35、ected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remembei; you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary travele匚 Yet, the old tradition of
36、 hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the U
37、S are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casualfriendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial but as the result of a historicallydeveloped cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultura
38、l signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate“ cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example,
39、 when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitors language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a v
40、irtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,.A) rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the USB) small minded officials deserve a serious commentC) Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD) most American
41、s are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that.A) culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB) courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC) various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD) social interrelationships e
42、qual the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers.A) to improve their hard lifeB) in view of their bng distance travelC) to add some flavor to their own daily lifeD) out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers.A)
43、 tends to be superficial and artificialB) is generally well kept up in the United StatesC) is always understood properlyD) was something to do with the busy tourist trailsPassage 3Technically; any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenl
44、y believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase s
45、ubstance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine
46、 to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual disto
47、rtions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according