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1、语法理论目录:1 .定语从句2 .名词性从句3 .状语从句4 .特殊句式5 .非谓语6 .谓语时态7 .介词8 .名词数词+独立主格+虚拟语气9 .情态动词10 .形容词副词11 .主谓一致12 .基本句型及句子种类1.定语从句第一部分知识透析第一节定语从句的分类定语从句按照其与先行词（即定语从句的修饰对象）的关系可以分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性 定语从句”。1 .限制性定语从句对先行词起限制确定作用,是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果去掉句子的意思就不完 整,不明确或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号隔开。如:Ive found the key that I lost ye
2、sterday.Here is the boy who damaged the vase.It happened at the time when I left.The person whom you talked to just now has come again.2 .非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系比较松散，只是对先行词作附加的说明,如去掉，从句的意思仍 然清楚,这种从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。如:He lives in Beijing, which is about five hours ride from here.I am seeing the manager tomorrow,
3、when he will be back from New York.My cousin, who is an engineer, when to Europe last week.His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.第二节定语从句的连词1.关系代词与关系副词的用法关系词先行词在从句中充 当的成分例句准刑大国Who人主语 宾语Do you know the cook who is working?Do you know the speaker who he has invited?whom人宾语The girl whom I met
4、 is so beautiful.that人/物主语 宾语 表语A rocket is a machine that can fly into the space.This is the place that I visited last year.This place is not the one that it used to be.He has changed and he is not the man that he was.which物主语 宾语This is a book which tells about China.The book which you lent me last
5、 week is interesting.whose人/物定语The room whose door is red is mine.The young man whose design has won the first prize is my brother.when时间状语Dont forget the day when we met here.where地点/抽状语This is the place where we lived last year.象名词It got to the point where he had to leave.why Reason状语I dont know t
6、he reason why he didnt go.注意:1) Which, who, whom在从句中作宾语,that在从句中作宾语表语时常可省略,但介词提前时,不用 that/who,且 which, whom 不可省。如:Prof. White is the man for whom I have the greatest respect.The case to which you are referring is now closed.2) when where = 介词+wnich; why 二 for+which 如:I shall never forget the day whe
7、n we first met.I shall never forget the day on which we first met.The room where he worked is now kept in good repair.The room in which he worked is now kept in good repair.The reason why he came so early is his own affair.The reason for which he came so early is his own affair.3)在从句结构完整的前提下,抽象名词(如s
8、ituation, condition, point, case, environment, atmosphere, circumstance, system, job, activity, competition, contest, match, game, nice 等)后面可以用 where 引导定语从句。 如:His technique developed to the point where he can repair many electrically-powered machines.We should create an environment where human bein
9、gs and animals live in harmony2.关系代词与关系副词的确定在定语从句中,是选择关系代词还是关系副词主要是看定语从句部分是否缺少基本成分,缺少基本成分(主语、 宾语、表语)选关系代词,不缺成分选关系副词(或者whose)。如:This is the room where he lived.This is the room that/which he visited.I will always remember the time when we stayed together.I will always remember the time that/which we
10、spent together.We dont know the reason why he didn/t come to the party.We are surprised at the reason that/which he has given for his absence from the party.Dont stay in the room whose roof is damaged.I will have an interview with the guy whose ambition is to be a pilot.3. that 与 which/who/whom 的用法区
11、别which 与that、who(m)1)限制性定语从句的先行词是物时,which, that可互换。如： Where is the book which/that I bought this morning?可互换的情况I like the sports shoes which/that he has just bought.2）限制性定语从句的先行词是人时,who（m）, thal可互换。如: Where is the man who/whom/that I saw this morning?Is that the man who/whom/that you gave your ticke
12、ts to?They are the boys who/that always go to school with me.不能用that 的情况1）在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指物（或整个句子）,用who/whom指人。如: This book, which only appeared a year ago, has already gone through several editions.He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes, which is rather a difficult thing to do.The driv
13、er, who was very young, had only just got his license.The young man had a new boss, who/whom he wanted to impress.2）在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,用whom指人。如: Miss Green is the person to_whom you should write.He works in a factory, in front of which there is a river.They tried to think of a plan by w
14、hich they could fulfill their task on time.3）先行词为those, one, ones, anyone且指代人时,用who。如:Those who are in favor of the plan please raise your hands.Anyone who breaks the rules will be fined.只用that 的情况1） something, everything, anything, nothing, all, little, much 等不定代词作先行词时 He told me all that happened.
15、There is nothing that I can do.2）序数词或形容髙级修饰先行词时Computer is the most useful machine that I have ever known.Madame Curie is the first woman that won the Nobel Prize twice.3）当先行词既指人又指物时We talked about the things and persons that we remembered in the school.He talked brilliantly of the man and the books
16、 that interested him.4）当先行词被the only, the very, the last所修饰时He is the only person that I want to see.This is the very book that I am looking for.Investing in the stock market is the last thing that we will do.5）先行词被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no. some 等修饰时Ive read all the books that you gav
17、e me.Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.6）当句中已有which或who时,为避免重复,多用thatWho is the man that is talking to Jim?4. the way后面接定语从句的情况当way表示“方式、方法”在句中作先行词,在定语从句中作状语时,引导定语从句的连词可用that, in which,或省略。I dont like the way that he laughed at me.I dont like the way in which he laughed at me.I dont like
18、the way he laughed at me.The way that you answered the questions was admirable.The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.The way you answered the questions was admirable.5. as引导定语从句的情况as可以引导非限制性定语从句,与which 样指代这个主句。但当从句位于句首时,只能用as,不能用which。As we all know, the Olympic Games is held eve
19、ry four years.The Olympic Games is held every four years, which/as we all know.2.名词性从句第一部分知识透析第一节名词性从句的分类名词性从句包括:主语从句What we need is more time.It remains to be seen whether he can recover from the illness.Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.How the book will sell depends on its aut
20、hor.宾语从句We must never think that we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.I will not trust whomever they will elect.I cant imagine what made him act like that.Do you know whether any decision has been arrived at?表语从句The question is whether the task can be finished on time.My sugges
21、tion is that you should spend more time doing physical exercise.The mystery is how he has managed to arrive there.The fact is that he didnt notice the car until too late.同位语从句I have no idea when he will come back home.It is a fact that he cant afford his tuition.I firmly hold the opinion that effect
22、ive measures should be taken to solve these problems.Word comes that our school will hold a speech contest later this month,第二节名词性从句的连词1）概述是否作成分是否有意义that不作成分无意义whether/if不作成分有意义what/whatever作成分有意义which/whichever作成分有意义who/whoever作成分有意义whom/whomever作成分有意义when, where作成分有意义why, how, whose作成分有意义2） 比较 tha
23、t & whatthat无意义,不作成分;what有意义,作成分I dont know that he will give us a gift.I dont know what he will give us.3） 比较 which & whatwhich有范围;what无范围All these pencil boxes are beautiful. I dont know which I should buy.I dont know which lane the driver will turn into.I dont know what I should buy.What he will
24、give you as your birthday gift is still a secret.4）比较有无ever有ever泛指所有;无ever有明确的指代对象Whoever breaks the law must be punished.I dont know who will be our new manager.第三节名词性从句的其他要点1）主语从句屮it作形式主语主语从句中为了避免句子头重脚轻”,常用it作形式主语。如:It is still a question whether she will come or not.It is strange that you should
25、like him.It is still unknown which team will win the match.4） 表语从句中 The reason why. is thatThe reason why.is that + 表语从句The reason why lie was late was that he missed the train this morning.3）宾语从句中的否定迁移当宾语从句的主句主语为第一人称,谓语动词为think, believe, imagine, suppose等（且时态为一般现在时），则 若宾语从句为否定句,要将否定迁移至主句We dont thi
26、nk you are here.I dont believe he will do so.4）同位语从句与定语从句的区别从意义看,同位语从句是对名词的补充说明；而定语从句是对名词加以修饰和限定It is a fact that she has done her best.同位语从句It is a fact that you cant deny,定语从句从语法看,同位语从句的连词that在从句中不充当成分,不能省略;定语从句的连词that在从句中充当成分, 且作宾语/表语时可以省略The news that our team has won the game is really encourag
27、ing, 同位语从句The news (that) he told me is really encouraging. 定i甘从句5)名词性从句的虚拟当名词性从句的主句部分出现表示建议、命令、要求的词(advise, suggest, insist, propose, request, require, demand, command, order)时,从句部分的谓语动词要用should do, should可以省略It is advised that young people (should) practice their handwriting.The proposal is that s
28、tudents (should) spend at least three hours on after-class activities every week.I insist that she (should) do her work alone.The suggestion came from the chairperson that the rule (should) be adopted.3.状语从句第一部分知识透析第一节时间状语从句1吊见连叫: when, while, as, once, since, until, before, after, as soon as, the m
29、oment, every/each time, by the time, hardly.when., no soonen.thanWhen the teacher came in, he was reading a novel.My mother likes listening to music while she is cooking.As spring warms the earth, all flowers begin to bloom.Once you began, you cant give it up half way.I haven*t heard from him since
30、he went abroad.The boy didnt go to bed until his father came back.The roof fell before he had time to rush out of the room.He started the job soon after he left the university.It began to rain as soon as/the moment I arrived there.Every/Each time I call on him, he is out.By the time I come back next
31、 year, the construction of our new office building will have been completed.I had hardly arrived there when it began to rain.I had no sooner arrived there than it began to rain.2 .when/while/as的用法说明I)when可以表示两个重复性的,同时发生的事件,即过去或现在的习惯动作,此时when可以与whenever及 every/each time互换,意为“每当时.如:When(ever) he goes
32、to town, he always visits his aunt.Every/Each time he goes to town, he always visits his aunt.She felt ill when (ever) she ate cheese.She felt ill every/each time she ate cheese.2)while后面只能跟延续性动词或be动词,而when则无此限制。如:I was cooking the dinner while/when she was playing the piano.She sang while/when I wa
33、s reading.Strike the iron while/when it is hot.The dog barked when it heard a noise.She informed her husband of the news when she arrived home.I broke a glass while I was cooking the dinner.I was cooking the dinner when I broke a glass.3)as表示两个动作进行,意为“随着,边边一般不与表示状态的动词连用。如:As my mother sang those old
34、 songs, tears ran down her cheeks.The students took notes as they listened.As we talked on, he got more and more excited.As time went on, the weather got worse.As years go by, Chinese is getting stronger and richer.3 .before的相关句型It will be+时间段+before.要过多久才.It wont be+时间段+before.要不了多久就It was +时间段+bef
35、ore过了多久才.It wasnt+时间段+before.过了没多久就It will be two years before we meet again.It wasnt long before we met again.4 .since的相关句型it is/has been时间段+since自从以来已经It has been more than one year since the financial crisis broke out.5 .not. untiL.的倒装句与强调句The boy didnt go to bed until his father came back.倒装句:No
36、t until his father came back did the boy go to bed.强调句:Il was not until his father came back that the boy went to bed.6 .hardly. when./no sooner. than.的倒装句I had hardly arrived there when it began to rain.-Hardly had I arrived there when it began to rain.I had no sooner arrived there than it began to
37、 rain.一一No sooner had I arrived there than it began to rain.第二节让步状语从句1 .常见连词：although, though, while, as, even if/though, whatever/no matter what, whoever/no matter who, whichever/no matter which, however/no matter how, wherever/no matter where, whenever/no matter when, whether.onAlthough/Though/Whi
38、le you are smart, you sometimes make small mistakes.Smart as/though you are, you sometimes make small mistakes.Even if/though you work day and night, you will not be able to finish this project in a week.Whatever/No matter what you say, we will not believe.WhicheverJo matter which route you take, it
39、 takes three hours.However/No matter how busy he is, he is ready to help others.Wherever/No matter where we are, we should serve our country.Whenever/No matter when I have a cold, I get a nosebleed.Whether you like it or not, you have to accept this arrangement.2 .as/though表示“虽然”的特殊句型adj./adv./n./v.
40、 +though/as+主语+谓语（在此结构中,名词前不要冠词）Young as/though he is, he knows a lot.Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.Much as/though I respect him, I cant agree to his plan.Try as/though he might, he failed again.3 .however/no matter how 的语序however./no matter ho w+adj ./adv. + 主语+谓语However/No matter how expen
41、sive this book is, I will buy it.However/No matter how late it is, I will wait until he comes.第三节原因状语从句常见连词:because, since, as, now thatHe won*t come tonight because/since/as he is busy.Now that everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.第四节目的状语从句常见连词:so that, in order that, in caseI got up early so t
42、hat/in order that I could catch the first bus.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.第五节结果状语从句1 常见连词:so that, so/such. that.He got up early so that he caught the first bus.He ran so fast that I could hardly follow him.She spoke in such a low voice that I couldnt hear her.She spoke in s
43、o low a voice that I couldnt hear her.注意:so that结构中,若有情态动词,则多半表示“目的,没有情态动作,则多半表示“结 果”。如: Im going to the lecture early so that I can get a good seat.目 的状谙从可I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.结果状语从句2.so/uch. that.的倒装句He ran so fast that I could hardly follow him.一So fast did he run
44、 that I could hardly follow him.He is so naughty a boy that he always upsets his parents.So naughty a boy is he that he always upsets his parents.He is such a naughty boy that he always upsets his parents.一Such a naughty boy is he that he always upsets his parents.第六节条件状语从句常见连词:if, unless, in case,
45、as long asPH go with you if_I have free time.Youll fail in the exam unless you work harder.Call me in case you need some helpYou will certainly succeed as long as you keep on trying.第七节比软状语从句 常见连词:than, as. as, not as/so. as., the+比较级.the+比较级 It is warmer in spring than it is in winter.I get up as e
46、arly as my parents do every morning.I dont like playing chess so much as my brothers do.The more books you read, the more knowledge youll gain.第节方式状语从句常见连词:as if/though, as She walks as her mother does.We heard a noise as ifVthough someone was breathing.第九节地点状语从句 常见连词:wherePlease stay where you are.
47、4.特殊句式按考点分类1 .表存在意义的全倒装句1,表示存在意义的句型用倒装句,强调存在的方位,有如下几种:1） There（appear, seem, happen, used to）+be+主语+其他2） There stand（lie, live, happen）+主语+其他3） 地点状语+谓语+主语+其他2 .不指具体地点和时间的副词在句首时引起倒装:There（Here, Now, Then）十 come/g。/be+主语注意：1）这里there, now等不指具体地点和时间。2）谓语动词常是be, go, come, run等不及物动词。3）主语的数决定谓语动词的数:在两个或两个以上的主语并列存在时，谓语动词的数应与其最近的主语 保持