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1、考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 11/381998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试试题Text 1题材：社会生活类词数：3551. Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
2、But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.2. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to ass
3、ert themselves. Egypt s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey s bid for First World status includes the giantAtaturk Dam.3. OBut big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that f
4、loods leftall in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.4. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their
5、 contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.5. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narm
6、ada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.6. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of control
7、ling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. 01t is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don t need
8、 a dam to be saved.Text 1文章内容全解一、试题出处分析本文是一篇观点论证型文章，文章通过列举多个例子指出人们过去与现在都非常迷恋建造大坝，但建造大坝可能弊大于利，因此，作者建议人们在建造大坝的时候谨慎行事，科学建坝。二、原文深度解读Para 11. Perhaps it is humankind s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought状语强调句型主句主语介词短语作后置定语that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascina
9、ting.(P1S2)考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 12/38强调句型主句谓语主句宾语介词短语作后置定语宾语补足语翻译可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们如此痴迷于治理江河、供我驱策的理想。解析本句是复合句，且是一个强调句，句子的主干为humankind s long suffering,emakes the idea, so fascinating oat the mercy of任由摆布，在面前毫无办法flood/flAd/n.(l)洪水；水灾(2)(因雨)涨潮，涨水(3)(流出或发出的)一大阵，一批，大量；滔滔不绝II v.(l)淹没；(使)泛滥(2
10、)涌到，涌进；充满，充斥真题例句 The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后所留卜的肥沃淤泥换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库，现
11、在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。(1998阅读textl para3 s2) drought/draut/n.(l)干旱季节：旱灾(2)(长期的)缺乏do oneJ s bidding听从某人的吩咐 Para 22. It doesn t help I that building a big, powerful dam has become 形式主语主句谓语主语从句标志词从句主语系表结构作从句谓语 a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.(P2S2) 介词短语作后置定语现在分
12、词短语作后置定语翻译但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力求得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。解析本句为复合句，句子的主干为It doesn* t help that-*o It是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句。dam/daem/n.水坝，水堤，水闸symbol/Dsimbsl/ n.象征(2)符号；记号；代号串记同族：symbolism(n.象征主义；象征手法)symbolic(al)(adj.象征的，象征性的；符号的)symbolize”.象征；用符号表示)strive/straiv/vi.(l)努力，奋斗,力求(2)斗争；反抗真题例句We learn
13、from the beginning of the passage that Web business has been striving to expand its market.从本文的开头我们知道，网络商业正在努力扩大自己的市场。(1999阅读 text2 Q55)But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.而在早期，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。(1996阅读text4 para9 s3) 搭配strive after为了而奋斗stri
14、ve for努力获得 strive to do sth.努力做某事strive against/with 与作斗争assert/。口S3 ：宣称；断言(2)维护,坚持(观点、权利等)真题例句 He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”他倒乐意
15、称自己“我有些发明的天分，有常识，也有判断力，就像每位成功的律师或医生都必须有的，但我相信，并不比他们更好”。(2008翻译paral slO) The author asserts that scientists shouldn t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things.作者断言科学家们不应该忽视在不可预测的事情上的推断。(1999阅读text5 Q68)考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 13/38During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month s
16、stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that a music is not the cause of society * s ills “ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.在上个月就摇滚乐歌词进行讨论的股东会议上，列文宣称“音乐不是社会弊病的根源”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例， 他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师，上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。(1997阅读 text4 para4 s2)H
17、e asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他也认为自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。(2008翻译paral s4)串记同族:assertion(n.主张;断言:维护,坚持)assertive(adj.断
18、言的,肯定的；过分自信的，武断的)3. Egypt s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.(P2s3) 主语后置定语谓语状语翻译埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了其在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。解析该句为简单句，句子的主干为Egypt * s leadership, , was cemented,cement/sQment/n.(l)水泥(2)胶泥II vt.(l)用水泥粘合(2)巩固，加强II vi.粘紧，粘牢背景知识阿斯旺大坝(Aswan High Dam)： 1970年在尼罗河下游建成了阿斯旺大坝，该大
19、坝具有灌溉、发电、防洪等综合效益，为世界七大水坝之一。该大坝曾是埃及民众和政府的骄傲， 可是这个大坝建成后不久，它对环境的不良影响日益严重，便逐渐改变了人们对它的评价。 阿塔特克大坝(Ataturk Dam)：于1990年竣工，坐落在幼发拉底河之上，由石块垒成。 起初，这座大坝名为卡拉巴巴大坝，后来改名，用来纪念土耳其共和国的国父穆斯塔法凯末尔阿塔特克。阿塔特克大坝除了发电供电之外，还会为附近一带的平原提供灌溉水源。 Para 34. The Aswan Dam ,for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived 主句主语插入语主句谓语一宾
20、语转折连词主句谓语二Egypt of the fertile silt I that floods left 一all in return for a giant 复合宾语定语从句标志词从句主语从句谓语插入语reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.(P3S2) 定语从句，修饰reservoir结果状语从句翻译以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后所留下的肥沃淤泥换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了
21、。解析该句为复合句，句子的主干为 The Aswan Dam,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt*,其中包含两个定语从句,分别修饰silt和reservoir；还包含一个由sothat引导的结果状语从句。depriveof剥夺的； 使失去真题例句 When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on so
22、me psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.当我们远离绿色环境，不见花草树木，大多数人会感到精神不振，并通常把它归咎于某种心理状况；直到有一天我们置身花园，却往往会发现郁闷之感奇迹般地消失殆尽。(2013翻译para3 s2) 考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 14/38fertile/Ofa ： tail/adj.(l)肥沃的，富饶的(2)多产的，丰产的(创造力或想象力)丰富的(
23、4)生 可繁殖的，能(生)育的真题例句Few people are as fertile as in the past.现在，没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。(2000 阅读 text2 para2 s2)串记同族：fertility(n.肥沃，肥力；丰产，多产；生繁殖力，能育性；思想等的丰富； 人口出生率)ferlilize(vt.使肥沃，施肥于；使多产；使丰富)fertilizer(n.肥料)sik/sik/n.(l)淤泥，泥沙(2)地泥沙层II v.(使)淤塞reservoir/Drezovwa ：/n.(l)水库；蓄水池；贮液器(2)(知识、精力等的)储藏，蓄积：喻宝库Para
24、45. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of 时间状语地点状语主语谓语sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.(P4S2) 动名词短语作宾语状语翻译本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点儿动用了军队。解析该句为简单句，句子的主干为Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of
25、sending.o stop just short of doing sth.差一点儿就contention/ksn ten/an/ n.(l)竞争；斗争；争论(2)(争论中的)论点真题例句 Part of the fame of Allen s book is its contention that a Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.艾伦的书的部分知名度是来自于书中这样一种观点，即“环境并不能塑造一个人，但环境能揭示个人(2011翻译para4 si)串记同族:contend(vt.坚决主张:为斗争II vi.竞争;斗
26、争；争论)contentious(adj.好争论的；引起争论的)6. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams.(P4S3) 主语谓语宾语翻译这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。解析该句为简单句，句子的主干为 The-complex will-have all the-problems.o complex/Dkompleks/adj.合成的；复杂的，综合的II n.(l)复杂；合成物(2)建筑群(3)不正常的精神状态；情结真题彳列句Within the complex social str
27、ucture of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and poss
28、ibly accompanying technology.在科学界这一复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出发现；编辑和评论家通过控制发现的发表过程扮演看门人的角色：其他科学家则利用这一新发现来满足自己的目的；最后，公众(包括其他科学家)接受这个新发现以及可能伴随其产生的技术。(2012阅读Atext3 para3 s3) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolu
29、tionary or cognitive terms.从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。(2012翻译para3 s4)This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.经济效益的提高需要相应的复杂的政治体制，而这种日益提
30、高的教育水平是建立复杂政治体制考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 15/38的一个必要但非充分的条件。(2009阅读Atext3 para5 s3)背景知识多瑙河水坝(dam on the Danube)： 1977年，斯洛伐克和匈牙利缔结一项条约，决定两国共同在多瑙河上修建并联合营运两座拦河坝，从作为界河的多瑙河中引水至斯洛伐克领土， 以蓄峰模式运行一个双重拦河坝系统。1988年，匈牙利认定该河流的生态效益高于该项目的经济利益，并通过一项决议将该项目置于严格的环境保护规则之下，命令政府重新评价该项目。在1989年5月，匈牙利政府中止在下游的工程。然而，捷克斯洛伐克于199
31、1年决定继续建设该项目并开始了一个临时解决办法”，单方面将近2/3的多瑙河河水截引至其领土上的一条分流渠。由于这一决定不仅对匈牙利的环境，而且对其经济将带来重大影响，1992 年2月匈牙利对捷克斯洛伐克的这一决定提出正式抗议。直至1993年7月，匈牙利和斯洛伐克签订特别协定，将争端提交国际法院。Para 57. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more 连接副词状语主语谓语宾语状语wrong-headed Narmada Dam.(P5Sl)翻译与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问
32、题更多的纳尔马达大坝。解析该句为简单句，句子的主干为the World Bank has given the go-ahead。go-ahead/Dgaua hed/ n.批准；许可wrong-headed/Dro : QDhedid/adj.判断错误的；执迷不悟的8. And the bank has done this I even though its advisors say并列连词主句主语主句谓语主句宾语让步状语从句标志词从句主语从句谓语the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destructio
33、n.(P5S2) 宾语从句主语谓语宾语状语翻译尽管世界银行的顾问指出，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然一意孤行。解析该句为复合句，句子的主干为the bank has done this.,其中包含一个由even though 引导的让步状语从句，且该让步状语从句中包含一个省略了连接词that的宾语从句，作say 的宾语。hardship/Dha ： d/ip/n.(l)受苦，吃苦(2)苦难，困苦串记同义：adversity(n.逆境，不幸；苦难，灾难)trial(n.磨练;艰苦) destruction/disDtrAk/an/n.破坏，毁灭，7肖灭真题例句 To
34、 paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.转述伟大社会科学家约瑟夫顺彼得的一句话：没有创造性的毁灭就没有彻底的革新。(2013阅读B para3 s3)串记同族:destruct(vi.毁灭)destructive(adj.破坏性的,毁灭的)背景知识纳尔马达大坝(Narmada Dam)：位于纳尔马达河上的印度撒多撒罗瓦大坝是纳尔马达山谷最具争议的发展项目，大坝的设计用途是提供灌溉和饮用水，代价包括强行
35、迁移数十万居民和广泛的破坏。Para 69. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building 主语系表结构作谓语状语考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 16/38monster dams.(P6S2)翻译即使不建大型水坝，用水力发电、治理洪水以及灌溉也是可能的。解析该句为简单句，句子的主干为 Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible%hydroelectric powe
36、r 水力发电三、全文翻译及语篇分析1 .在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能有像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的撰布才使得人们如此痴迷于治理江河、供我驱策的理想。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。仃几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。第一段为第一部分，引入文章主题。第一段引入文章主题盲目修建大坝可能弊大于利。句指出大型水坝特别能激起人们的想象力(capture the imagination)该句中的Fewhke 结构强调了大型水坝在激起人们的想象力方面的地位。句解释了人们对修建大型水坝着迷的原因：可能是人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布的缘故。 句与句构成转折，点明全文主题：让人
37、着迷有时也就使人盲目(blind)。句将句的观点具体化：几个盲H修建的巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利(do more harm than good) 的危险。2 .建造大坝的教训是大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力求得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了其在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。第二段至第五段为文章的第二部分，论证文章主题。第二、三段为第一个层次，从历史角度阐述人们希望通过修建大坝以证明自身实力，却往往事与愿违。第二段指出一些国家通过建造大坝来证明自己的力量。句建造大坝的教训
38、是大的未必总是美的，可见人们通晓未必要修建巨型大坝的道理。句与句构成句间转折：虽然知道这一教训，一些国家和人民仍然乐此不疲地修建高大雄伟的大坝来力求得到自我肯定。句指出一些国家通过建造大坝力求得到自我肯定 (striving to assert themselves)o句以埃及和土耳其为例论证句的观点：埃及建造阿斯旺大坝巩固了其在阿拉伯世界的领导地位，土耳其修建阿塔特克大坝力图跻身第一世界。3 .但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果.以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥, 但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后所留下的肥沃淤泥换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库， 现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。第三段
39、承接上段，指出那些建成的大坝并没有像预期的那样产生效果。句为该段中心句，指出大坝并不会产生人们预期的(intended)效果。句以阿斯旺大坝为例证明句的观点：阿斯旺大坝使埃及失去了 (deprivedof)肥沃淤泥， 变成了一个疾病(disease)滋生的水库，现在几乎不能(barely)发电了，可见修建大坝难以如愿。4 .不过，控制水域的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点儿动用了军队。这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在它们需耍通过修建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。第四、五段为第二个层次，列
40、举现代的例子证明人们仍然迷恋建造大坝。句用And yet转折指出控制水域的神话还在继续(persists)。考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 27/38句至句以当今斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人争夺修建大坝的行为为例，论证句中的观点：斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人为修建水坝大动干戈，虽然这个大型工程可能会出现所有的常见问题， 但是斯洛伐克依然固执己见，要求修建该大坝。句简单总述了这事件：句对该大坝的不良情况进行了分析；句与句构成转折：为证明自己的实力，斯洛伐克仍然坚持要求修建该大坝。5 .与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问指出，该大坝将给平民带来
41、苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益，但是这种利益也远远得不到保障。第五段列举纳尔马达大坝的例子证明现今人们仍然迷恋建造大坝。句用Meanwhile承接上文，再次列举修建大坝的事例，重申人们的执迷不悟，增强文章的说服力。该句中的even more wrong-headed起到了强调的作用。句具体分析了这一事例：尽管该大坝会带来各种问题(给平民带来苦难，破坏那里的环境，无法确保给有权有势者带来利益)，世界银行依然一意孤行。6 .对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。即使不建大型水坝，用水力发电、治理洪水以
42、及灌溉也是可能的。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理和科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。第六段为文章的第三部分：总结全文，建议人们科学建坝。句至句阐明作者的观点和建议：要科学建坝。句指出对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于(help to)解决这些冲突(resolve these conflicts)旬退一步指出，即使不建大型水坝，用水力发电、治理洪水以及灌溉也是可能的(possible)。句承接前两句的解决办法，提出了作者的担忧：但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理和科学。句再次重申作者的观点和建议：是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训
43、的时候了，我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。最后两句中的It is time that和don t needto be saved重申了作者的观点。Text 2题材：商业经济类词数：3881. Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. 0What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolutio
44、n that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.2. The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. 1hat is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade
45、. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underl
46、ying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a u disjunction w between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.3. Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-eng
47、ineering and downsizing一are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an 考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1998 Text 28/38economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the cha
48、nges that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.4. Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much