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1、第一单元 rewardvt. give sth. in return for good and valuable doings 奖赏;回报He was rewarded handsomely for his efforts.他的努力得到了可观的回报。It is often necessary to reward people for their hard work, if you want them to continue working hard for you.如果你想要人们继续努力工作,就有必要奖励他们的工作。n. C, U sth. as a return for good and v
2、aluable doings 奖赏;回报As a reward for passing the exams, she got a new bike from her parents. 因为通过了考试,父母奖励给她 辆新自行车。She got no reward for all the hard work she did.她辛苦的工作并没有得到嘉奖 rewardinga. giving sb. satisfaction, pleasure, or profit值得做的,有益的,有意义的Doing exercise can be very rewarding for everyone.锻炼身体对每
3、个人都会有好处。She finds her career very rewarding.她觉得自己的工作很有意义。frustratevt. 1, cause sb. to have feelings of disappointment使沮丧,使灰心The lack of evidence in this case is frustrating the police.警方因案件缺乏证据而感到伤脑筋。The difficulties of learning a new language frustrated the students who wanted to use the language r
4、ight away.学习门新语言的困难使那些想立即使用那种语言的学生沮丧不已。2. cause the failure of sth,使挫败, 使受挫折The bad weather frustrated our hopes of going out.坏天气使我们打消了外出的念头。The police frustrated his attempt to escape.警方挫败了他逃跑的企图。juniora. having a low position, level, or rank （地位、水平、层次）较低的She started work as a junior reporter on a
5、local newspaper before working her way up to higher positions.她从本地一家报社当初级记者干起,通过努力职位不断上升。Students spend six years in elementary education and three years in junior middle school. 学生在小学上六年,初中上三年。 n. 1. C sb. who is younger 年少者He is my junior by several years. 他比我小几岁。She married a man seven years her
6、junior.她跟个比自己小7岁的男人结了婚。2. C sb. of low or lower position （地位或等级）较低者;晩辈She joined the firm a year ago and is now my junior.她一年前到公司工作,现在是我的下属。The senior officer should have been aware of what his juniors were doing.那位上司早该清楚自己下属的所作所为。positivea. 1. helpful and encouraging in achieving sth. _积极的Everyone
7、went to Mary for advice, because Mary was known for having a positive attitude and being able to make other people feel good. 大家都向玛丽讨教,因为众所周知她总是态度积极,会使大家感觉良好。We need to take positive steps to improve the situation of families in poverty.我们必须采取积极措施改善贫困家庭的处境。2. definite; allowing no room for doubt一确实的
8、，明确的It seems unlikely to me, but she seemed very positive.这在我看来是不可能的,但她却非常肯定。Im absolutely positive I havent made a mistake.我没有错,这一点我绝对肯定。seniora. having a higher position, level, or rank （地位、水平、层次）较高的Students leave middle school at the end of their senior year.学生在中学高年级结束之后离校。The delegation consists
9、 of senior figures from education and business. 代表团由教育界和工商界的资深人士组成。n. 1. C sb. who is older 较年长者Seniors can get a 10% discount in this department store.老人在该百货店可得到九折的优惠。Her husband was nine years her senior.她丈夫比她大9岁。2. C sb. of high or higher position （地位或等级）较高者;长辈Only the seniors made the decisions
10、among us.在我们中间只有年资较高的人才有决定权。The three vice ministers are my seniors.三位副部长都是我的上司。formera. of an earlier period 在前的,以前的,旧时的In former times, people were hanged for stealing in Britain. 以前,在英国小偷被处以绞刑。The park has been reduced to half its former size.公园的规模已被缩减到以前的一半大了。n. (the ) the first of the two peopl
11、e or things just mentioned 前者Between small changes and big changes, the former is more likely. 在小变化和大变化两者之中,前者的可能性更大。Given the choice between a white T-shirt and a green one, most people would choose the former because green is not popular.如果让大家选择是要白T恤还是绿 恤,大多数会选择前者,因为绿色不流行。unlikeprep, not like; dif
12、ferent from 不像: 和不同He was firm and steady unlike other men she knew.他坚毅、稳健,跟她认识的其他男 不一样。Her recent report is quite unlike her earlier work.她最近的报告与以前的大不相同。intimidatevt. create a feeling of fear 恐吓,威胁They intimidated him into doing what they wanted.他们胁迫他干他们要干的事。John intimidated his brother into not te
13、lling their parents the truth. 约翰威胁他弟弟,不准他把真相告诉父母。opportunityn. C, U a good moment or chance for doing sth.机会,时机He loved music, but because his family was poor; he didnt have an opportunity to take lessons.他喜爱音乐,但因家里太穷,他没有机会去学。All he needs is an opportunity to show his ability.他需要的只是展现自己才能的机会:online
14、a. connected to other computers through the Internet 联线的;联网的；在线的He took an online course to improve his English.他选了网上课程以提高英语水平。The result of the online survey has proved to be positive.在线调查结果证明是积极的。ad. doing sth. online 联线地;联网地Ill just go online and look up her address.我刚好要上网查她的地址。Today more than 80
15、% of customers questions are answered online.现今,顾客80%以上的咨询都给予在线答复communicationn. U the action of sending and exchanging information 父流;交际; 通讯Mobile phone is an important means of communication.手机是重要的通讯工具。Generation gap arises from a lack of communication between the young and the old.代沟的产生是由于青老年间缺乏交
16、流,。mediumn. C (pl. media or mediums) a method for giving information 媒介, 媒体TV is a medium for giving information and opinions.电视是传递消息和观点的媒体。Light travels through the medium of air.光通过空气传送。a. of middle size, amount, or quality 中等的They have a medium-sized house in the heart of the city.他们在市中心有幢中等大小的房子
17、。What size shirt does he wearmedium or large?他适合穿哪个尺码的衬衣大号还是中号?modemn. C调制解调器He forgot to get a modem when he bought his computer.他买计算机时忘记拿调制解调器了。A modem is necessary for connecting to the Internet.连接因特网必须用调制解调器。accessn. 1. U the right to have or use sth. 享用权The people in the school have access to t
18、hat computer lab for free. 这个学校里的人可以免费使用那间电脑室:Students have access to many different courses to satisfy their individual interests and career plans. 学生可以选择多种课程以满足他们的个人兴趣和职业规划。2. U the means of entering a place 通道;入口That is the only access into the building.这是通向大楼的唯一通道。The road was the only access in
19、to and out of the small village.这条路是进出这个小村子的唯一通道。participatevi. take part参与,参加Some members refused to participate.有些成员拒绝参加。Only persons aged 8 years or over may participate in the spelling contest.只有年满8岁或8岁以上的人才可参加拼写比赛。virtuala. 1. created by the computer to be similar to the experience of real life
20、 虚拟的This device helps make virtual reality a more usable and accessible technology.该设备有助于提高虚拟现实技术的实用性和易用性。Their recent online studies began with an introduction to the demands of the virtual classroom.他们新近的在线研究是以对虚拟教室需求介绍开始的。2. almost what is stated 实质上的;实际上的It is a virtual certainty that you will b
21、ecome the best student in this class; youve always been the best in everything.事实上已肯定你将是班上最好的学生;你一直在各方面都是最棒的。Finding a parking space in the busy season is a virtual impossibility.想在旺季找到停车位是不现实的。commitmentn. 1. U the hard work and loyalty that sb. gives to an organization, activity, etc,投入,致,献身My com
22、mitment to study has made me the most successful person in my small town.我对学习的投入使我成为小镇上最成功的人。Its a part-time program, but its still a big time commitment.这虽然不是个全职项目,但却需要投入大量的时间。2. C a promise to follow certain beliefs or actions承诺,许诺,保证 Marriage is a lifelong commitment. 婚姻是终生的承诺。The governor has ma
23、de a strong commitment to creating more jobs in the state.州长信誓旦旦地保证要给州里创造更多工作机会。disciplinen. 1. U a state of order and control; self-contro!纪律;自制能力He did not like the army because of the strict discipline.因为纪律太严,他不喜欢军队生活。It takes a lot of discipline to eat less and lose weight.要做到少吃减肥得遵守许多清规戒律:2. C
24、a branch of learning 学科She has not yet decided which discipline to take at college, but she might study history.她没有决定在大学选修哪门学科, 但她可能学历史。The traditional academic disciplines are less popular among students, who now prefer subjects such as business studies.传统的学术科目受学生欢迎的程度有所降低,而今工商类的课程更受他们青睐。minimuma.
25、the least, or the smallest possible 最低的,最小的The minimum age to buy cigarettes is 18.购买香烟最低年龄是18_岁。The minimum amount of money to open an account at that bank is ten dollars.在那个银行开户至少要有10美元。n. sing. the smallest amount 最低限度:最少量You have to stay for a minimum of seven days.你起码要呆上7天。The price is her mini
26、mum; she refuses to lower it any more.这是她开的最低价,她拒绝再降价。 assignmentn. C a piece of work given to a particular person 任务;作业Half the workers were given different assignments.有一半的工人被分配到不同的任务中。The teacher asked her students to finish their assignments every day. 老师要求学生每天完成作业。embarrassvt. make sb. feel ash
27、amed, nervous, or uncomfortable使尴尬,使难堪 Getting up on stage without knowing what to say embarrassed me.上台不知道说什么使我感到尴尬。I hope I didnt embarrass you in front of your friends.但愿我没有让你在朋友面前感到尴尬。embarrassing a. making sb. feel embarrassed 使人尴尬的;令人难堪的Dont ask me such embarrassing questions.别问我这种尴尬的问题。The si
28、tuation is embarrassing. 这种情形令人很尴尬。frustrationn. C, U the feeling of being disappointed, annoyed, or upset 沮丧;不安;灰心Poetry helps me express some of the frustrations I feel at the world. 诗歌一定程度上表达了我对世事的挫折感。I was close to tears with frustration while trying to complete the difficult math exam, but I he
29、ld back.数学考试很难,做题时我沮丧得差点掉泪,但还是忍住了。postvt. put up sth. on a screen, wall, or notice board发帖子;张贴Could you photocopy the advertisement and post it on the notice board for us?你能不能帮我们把广告复印份贴到公告栏里?They post notices on the Internet, recommending that all users, whether frequent or casual, have their disks
30、checked.他们在网上贴出通知,告诫所有用户检查自己的软盘。continuala. 1. continuing without stopping 不间断的,不停的The continual noise is making me angry. 噪音不断,我很生气。Despite continual pain, he refused all drugs.尽管疼痛不止,他仍然拒绝使用任何药物。2. happening again and again 多次重复的;频繁的There have been continual requests for improved working condition
31、s.人们不断要求改善工作环境。The continual news reports about the economy have scared many manufacturers.有关经济状况的频繁新闻报道使很多生产厂家担心不已。continuallyad. 1. continuing for a long time without stopping不间断地,不停地 The Museum is continually developingtheres something new to see every year.博物馆不断地扩展年年都可看到新东西:No matter how hard yo
32、u try not to think about past failures, they continually cross your mind.不管你怎样努力不去想以往的失败,这些事老在心头萦绕。2. repeatedly for many times and over a long period of time 多次重复地:频频地The child was continually changing his mind.小孩的想法老是在变。reapvt. 1. get sth” esp. sth. good, as a result of what one has done 获得, 得到Now
33、 they have come to reap the benefits of their hard work.现在他们该摘取他们的劳动成果了。Those who take risks often reap great rewards.肯冒风险,有大收获。2. cut and gather a crop of grain 收割;收获The women were all out reaping the fields.妇女们都出去收割庄稼了。Summer is the time for reaping a harvest of fruits and vegetables. 夏天是收获水果和蔬菜的季
34、节。benefitn. C anything that brings help or profit益处,好处Some countries offer newcomers many benefits, such as job training and language lessons.有些国家为初来者提供许多优惠, 如工作培训和语言课程。Tourism has brought many benefits to the area.旅游业给这个地区带来了丰厚的收 ni1 v. be useful or helpful to 有益于The new teaching program will benef
35、it many students.这个新的教学项目会使许多学生受 id, He expects stocks to continue to rise higher; benefiting from falling interest rates.他指望股票还能持续涨高,这样就可从下跌利率中赚把。insightn. C, U an accurate or deep understanding of sth.洞悉;深刻的见解The lecture provides new insights into the way we process language. 这次讲座使我们对语言处理有了新的认识:He
36、r research has given us some insight into what sparks a childs curiosity.她的研究使我们对诱发孩子好奇心的因素有所了解。communicatevi. exchange feelings, opinions, or information with other people 交流;交际He is slow in speaking and cannot communicate with other people very well.他说话慢慢吞呑,与人交流能力比较差。They couldnt communicate in wr
37、iting, because William was illiterate.他们不能书信交流,因为威廉不识字。vt. make (opinions, feelings, or information) known or understood by others传达;传播Our teachers communicate their ideas very clearly.我们的老师表达思想非常清楚。She tried to communicate her fears to her mother.她尽力向母亲表明自己的担忧。favoritea. (BrE favourite) best liked
38、or most enjoyed最喜欢的Of the many colors in nature, red is my favorite color because it is the most beautiful.在自然界的诸多颜色中,我最喜欢红色,它最美。Most people at the stadium will be cheering on their favorite players. 在运动场上,大多数人都会为自己喜爱的运动员加油。h. C sb. or sth. that is loved above all others特别喜爱的人或物 I like all her books
39、 but this is my favorite.她写的书我都喜欢,但最喜欢这本。Conflicts in the home often result from one child being thought of as his parents favorite.父母视其中一个孩子为掌上明珠常会引发家庭冲突。gapi. C a big difference between two amounts, situations, or groups of people差距;分歧Theres a ten-year gap between Kays two children.凯的两个小孩年龄相差10岁。T
40、he age gap between us didnt seem to matter until we decided to have children.在我们决定要孩子以前,年龄差距对我们似乎没什么影响。at timessometimes but not usually 有时,偶尔He used to go to the theatre at times. 他以前偶尔会去看看戏。At times he feels that he wants to leave his job.有时他真想辞职。be worth sth./doing sth.be rewarding enough for the
41、 time, effort, money, etc,值得的The watch is worth more than the price.这表的价值超出标价。Doing morning exercises is worth the time.花点时间做Y操是值得的。not only.but also.不仅.而且.Not only did I find the game very boring, but I also felt it was meaningless.我觉得这场比赛非常枯燥而且没什么意义:Not only the story is interesting to us but also
42、 the English is good for us to learn.这故事不仅有趣,而且其英语地道, 值得一学。far fromnot. at all; rather than 一点都不 The composition is far from perfect. 这篇作文太糟了。I know he was hurt, but he was far from being the person who was hurt most.我知道他受了伤害,但他还不是受伤害最深的人。a couple oftwo; a small number of 两个;些, 几个I will need a coupl
43、e of minutes to complete the report to my boss.我还需要儿分钟时间完成给老板的报告。I met him a couple of times last year. 去年我遇见过他几次。get/have/obtain access to have the right to have or use sth. 有权享用;可以使用People living here have access to that swimming pool for free.住在这里的人可以免费去那个游泳池游泳。If I could get access to the head o
44、ffices, I could tell the management my new ideas about how to improve this company.如果我可以到总部办公室去,我就能向管理部门提出改善公司状况的新主意。participate in take part in 参加We are expected to participate actively in English class.我们要积极参与英语课的活动。She participated in several sports in senior middle school.在高中时，她参加过好几项运动项目。keep u
45、p withkeep the same speed as 赶匕不落后The small child had to run in order to keep up with his brother.这小孩为了赶上他哥哥只好跑了起来。Im having trouble keeping up with the rest of the class.我要赶上班上其他人还有困难。feel like sth./doing sth.want to have or do sth.想要:想做I feel like a cup of tea. 我想要杯咖啡。I just dont feel like doing a
46、nything tonight.今晚我什么事情都不想干。give upstop doing or stop trying to do sth. 停止，放弃My teacher told me not to give up no matter how difficult things become. 老师要我无论如何困难都不要放弃。Ive given up trying to get her to change her mind.我已不再争取让她改变主意。think outconsider all the aspects and details of sth. before doing it 仔
47、细考虑;推敲; 琢磨I need time to think things out. 我需要时间好好想一下。She hadnt thought out what she was going to say at the party.她还没有想清楚自己在聚会上要说些什么。come acrossmeet, find, or discover sb. or sth. by chance偶然遇到;偶然发现Ive never come across anyone like her father before.我从来没有遇到像她父亲那样的人。While I was cleaning the house, I came across some old baby pictures of my father that I had never seen before.在打扫房间时，我偶然发现了几张我父亲还是婴儿时的老照片