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1、清华大学考研辅导强化班课程英语写作清华大学外语系杨朝春主讲并提供文档资料第一讲 General Introduction（总记）I.General Introduction （总论）1. The Role of Writing （写作的地位）2. Requirements for Writing in the Exam （考试对写作的要求）II. Use of Language （语言的使用）1. The use of words （选取最恰当的词使表达生动鲜明、充实而有效）1）简易常用词和拼读复杂词由于历史的缘故，英语和北欧语、希腊语、意大利语和法语有着密切的联系，由此出现许多 外来词。而这
2、些外来词在英语本语中往往可以找到同义或近义词。一般来说，外来词较长， 拼写与记忆较难，多用于正式文体，如政府文件、学术性著作、法律文书等，属于拼读复杂 词；本语词拼写较短，多用于日常写作及会话，属于简易常用词。从应试的角度来说，由于 本语词较短、易识别且使用频率高，我们提倡多使用，这样可以提高表达效率，使文章清楚 明了，又可减少错误率。Examples:ask （本语）question（法语）interrogate （拉丁语）2） 一般词和具体词般词具有概括和抽象的特点，适于在段落之首提出主题思想和末尾总结概括。而具体词可 以使意思表达的更准确、生动和鲜明，适于展开主题。Examples:Pl
3、ant: tree, bush, vegetable, flower, fruitVegetable: cabbage, turnip, carrots, onions, garlic, potatoes, cucumber, lettuce, cauliflower, pepper broccoli, eggplant, mushrooms, tomatoesFruit: apple, peach, pear, strawberry, grapes, orange, watermelon, pineapple, mango, bananas, kiwifruit, cherry, apric
4、otWalk: edge, limp, shuffle, trudge, trot, pace, stagger, toddle, strollLook: see, watch, observe, perceive, sight, spot scan, glance peer, stare, gaze, beholdLaugh: giggle, titter, chuckle, grin, guffawCry: weep, sob, groan, wail, lament, whimper第二讲写作考试中一些常用词3)写作考试中一些常用词Although she is one of my fr
5、iends, she strongly against my opinion.*She is getting married in next month.*His body is healthy.Children are dangerous when they play with matches.*In one hand we should study hard, in other hand we should be independent by doing part-time jobs.1) Such things do not happen every day. This is every
6、day occurrence.2) The birds are flying high in the sky. The leader was highly respected by people.3) The contemptible man is selfish and vain. ThereJ s a contemptuous look on his face.4) He is a respectable old man. He is respectful toward his teachers.After the meeting they went back to their respe
7、ctive provinces.5) She is desirous of seeing him again. He is the desirable man for the position.6) Helping him is worthwhile. It is worthwhile helping him.The novel is worth studying. The novel is worthy of careful study.She has led a worthy life.7) alive afraid alone alike ashamed asleep awake awa
8、re8) economic economical healthy healthful imaginative imaginary beneficial beneficent9) senior junior superior inferior prior posterior10) The majority of, a great number of, a great many ofA great deal of, a great amount of, a bit ofA lot of, a quantity of, plenty of11) See, look at, watch, observ
9、e, notice, perceive, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, bid, have12) It s surprising that neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party.Mary as well as her sisters was very happy to visit their grandparents in the country.2. Sentence (怎样写出地道流畅的句子)1)句子成分的一致性Swimmi
10、ng at the lake, Jim s foot was cut by a rock.*While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire.*By planting different varieties of crops, the pests were unable to adapt.Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.但，Generally speaking, a native English speaker will find Ge
11、rman easier than French.To tell the truth, what she has done let us down.Considering the circumstances, he has done a good job.2)分句间的逻辑关系及连贯性*John had a drinking problem and he dropped out of school, (because)*The employee is often late for work, and he writes illogical reports, and he is a poor man
12、ager, and he should be fired. (The employee should be fired because he is ,)*The test was hard, and the students were resentful, and their teacher was irritated. (Because the students resented the hard test, their teacher was irritated.)*He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it did not seriously hur
13、t him. (but was not seriously hurt.)Take your time, and you should be careful. (Take your time and be careful)*1 read the passage carefully, and several mistakes were found.3)写作考试中一些常用词*A1though she is one of my friends, she strongly against my opinion.*She is getting married in next month.*His body
14、 is healthy.Children are dangerous when they play with matches.*In one hand we should study hard, in other hand we should be independent by doing part-time jobs.1) Such things do not happen every day. This is everyday occurrence.2) The birds are flying high in the sky. The leader was highly respecte
15、d by people.3) The contemptible man is selfish and vain. There? s a contemptuous look on his face.4) He is a respectable old man. He is respectful toward his teachers.After the meeting they went back to their respective provinces.5) She is desirous of seeing him again. He is the desirable man for th
16、e position.6) Helping him is worthwhile. It is worthwhile helping him.The novel is worth studying. The novel is worthy of careful study.She has led a worthy life.7) alive afraid alone alike ashamed asleep awake aware8) economic economical healthy healthful imaginative imaginary beneficial beneficent
17、9) senior junior superior inferior prior posterior10) The majority of, a great number of, a great many ofA great deal of, a great amount of, a bit ofA lot of, a quantity of, plenty of11) See, look at, watch, observe, notice, perceive, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, bid, have12) It s surprising th
18、at neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party.Mary as well as her sisters was very happy to visit their grandparents in the country.2. Sentence (怎样写出地道流畅的句子)1)句子成分的一致性Swimming at the lake, Jim s foot was cut by a rock.While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me
19、by the crackling fire.*By planting different varieties of crops, the pests were unable to adapt.Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.但，Generally speaking, a native English speaker will find German easier than French.To tell the truth, what she has done let us down.Considering th
20、e circumstances, he has done a good job.2）分句间的逻辑关系及连贯性*John had a drinking problem and he dropped out of school, （because）*The employee is often late for work, and he writes illogical reports, and he is a poor manager, and he should be fired. （The employee should be fired because he is ,）*The test w
21、as hard, and the students were resentful, and their teacher was irritated. （Because the students resented the hard test, their teacher was irritated.）*He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it did not seriously hurt him. （but was not seriously hurt.）*Take your time, and you should be careful. （Take y
22、our time and be careful）*1 read the passage carefully, and several mistakes were found.第三讲句子的完整性3）句子的完整性*My father who is very kind, learned and helped me a lot in my life.*They enjoy reading classic Chinese literature. Such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu.4）分句的连接Reading books is one of the greate
23、st pleasures of our lives, through reading books we can add to our knowledge and broaden our view.但，To err is human, to forgive is divine.Out of sight, out of mind.练习1：选用恰当的词完成句子。thus however meanwhile likewise accordingly furthermore then therefore otherwise moreover besides then hence also consequ
24、ently1） Roan moved to New York; , her mother stayed in Boston.（对比）2） You have disregarded my advice; , I will not help you again.（原因）3） The leaders settled the argument; , there would have been war.（对比）4） Harrison is kind; , he is generous.（递进）5） Mr. Carr was an invalid all his life; , he had an act
25、ive career.（对比）6） Television is entertaining; , it is sometimes instructive.（递进）7） We must meet the deadline; , a decision is needed now （结果）8） I will study medicine for six years; I will be a doctor.（时间）9） I live too far away to visit you often; , you are never home.（递进）10） He requested an opportun
26、ity to make up the work he had missed; , his teacher gave him special help.(结果)11） The road was wet and slippery; , there were many accidents.(结果)12） All of Mrs. Jackson* s ancestors were active and long-lived; , she is very healthy at age 75.(比较)13） I held the dog; , my fried washed it.(时间)14） He p
27、ut out the fire quickly; , a great disaster was avoided.(结果)5)句子的简洁性1) Black was one of those people whom there are few in the world like him.2) The watch is golden in color and costs $50 in price.3) He didn t have enough experience, which is the reason why he didn t do the work well.4) The movie th
28、at I went to last night, which was fairly interesting, I must say, was enjoyed by me and my girlfriend.5) The meaning of his statement is that he is of the opinion that the death penalty should be allowed.6) Without doubt, the only thing you can rely or depend on would be the sure fact that death co
29、mes to everyone.7) She was an old woman who was very kind in nature and amiable in manner.8) In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.9) He was not willing to admit the fact that he had not succeeded.练习2：改写下列句子，使之更加简洁。1. He looked at her and was surprised. -* He looked at her in surprise.2.
30、The meeting ended and everyone felt bitter.3. She had died and he was grieved.4. We were greeted by young men who wore black uniforms.5. He refused to talk to them. So he had aroused suspicion.6. She smoked a lot and her fingers were brown with nicotine.7. The little fellow looked around. His hands
31、were in his pockets.8. The traitorJ s face was beaming with smile and he pocketed the wad of banknotes and he was not aware of the risk he was taking.9. She had been confined to bed for a long time. This had impaired the function of her ankles.10. If you study Mars carefully through a telescope, you
32、 will see a number of dark, blue-green markings.6)不同结构的句子对写作表达效果的影响Samp1e 1A career is not easy to choose. It is one of the most important decisions you will make in your life. Find the right career, and you will be happy and successful. Find the wrong career, and you may be unhappy and unsuccessful
33、. You should explore your choice of occupation from every angle. You should collect as much information as you can. You should try different kinds of work before making up your mind. You should evaluate yourself. You should make sure of your interests and talents.（句式单一, 主次不明，逻辑性差）Sample 2For most pe
34、ople, choosing a career is not easy. Yet it is one of the most important decisions you have to make in your life. If you can find the right career, you are more likely to live a happy and successful life; if not, you will probably face a lot of trouble. It pays, therefore, to explore your choice of
35、occupation from every angle, collect as much information as possible, and even try different kinds of work before making up your mind. Above all, evaluate yourself. Be sure that you know your own interests and talents.（因果、主次关系明确，层次清楚，逻辑性强，表达明了，易 于理解）Sample 3At my desk in the office, I opened the mor
36、ning mail. I was surprised to find a bill a bill from the Electricity Company. I had already paid it. I shouted at the company manager on the phone. He apologized. He offered to send me $100 for the mistake. At 10:00 I frank a cup of coffee. I had three cakes. My head called at 10:30. We met leisure
37、ly for two hours. I told him that I disagreed with his office working methods. He was not a good administrator. He let that department fall into disorders. He didn t know how to handle his hands. He thanked me for my honesty. He gave me a $ 50-a-week raise.（缺少必要的关系连接词显示句与句之间的逻辑关系，句式单一，结 构松散，影响意思表达）S
38、ample 4At my desk in the office, I opened the morning mail and was surprised to find a bill a bill from the Electricity Company, which I had already paid. When I shouted at the company manager on the phone, he apologized and offered to send me $100 for the mistake. At 10:00 I drank a cup of coffee a
39、nd had three cakes. Then my head called at 10:30. We met leisurely for two hours, during which I told him that I disagreed with his office working methods. I said he was not a good administrator and let that department fall into disorders. Moreover, he didn t know how to handle his hands. He thanked
40、 me for my honesty and gave me a $ 50-a-week raise.（连接词运用恰当，表达出了先后顺序，意思清楚明了，读起来轻松流畅）III. The Development of a Topic, Opening and Ending （展开主题的基本方法，文章的 开头和结尾）1 .列举法1） Everyday I have to keep on running between different places. In the morning, I have to send my little Sister to the kindergarten befor
41、e I hurry to my school. At noon, I should go back home and prepare lunch for my mother and myself. In the evening after classes, I have to run to the kindergarten to take my little sister back. Then after supper, I wi 11 go to work at the store and go back home at 23:30. 2） Doing part-time jobs bene
42、fits student in mainly three aspects. First, doing part-time jobs helps cultivate independence among students. Second, doing part-time jobs helps culti-vate a good habit of thrift among students. Third, and the most important, doing part-time jobs is one of the best ways to make students know more a
43、bout the society.3) The importance of librariesLibraries are among human being s most important institutions for several reasons. In the first place, most of human being, s collective knowledge is stored in libraries. Libraries protect and preserve this knowledge. They also classify or group the mat
44、erials into logical and easily available divisions.Furthermore, libraries make the materials available to everyone and even provide librarians to help us find what we need. Finally, libraries are our link to the past and our gift to the future.2.举例法 1)Don t Hesitate to Say NoTo help others is a virt
45、ue, but when we are asked to help in the following three cases we should say No” . Firstly, we should say “No when we arc asked to do some-thing illegal or immoral. For example, if one of your friends asks you to help him in a murder, you should refuse him. Secondly, we should say No when fulfilling
46、 his or her will is a violation of our principle. Thirdly, we should say “No when what we are asked to do is beyond our ability.2 )Some people wi 11 do the strangest things to gain fame. For example, there are those who go in for various kinds of marathons, dancing or blowing bubble gum for days at
47、a time, to get their names in the paper or in record books of some kind. Then there are people who sit on flagpoles for a week or more, apparently enjoying the attention they receive from the crowd below. There are people who hope to impress people because they ate the most cream pies or because the
48、y collected the most bottle tops. And there are even people who seek public notice by way of setting a record for the number of articles of clothing they can put on at one time or the number they can take off. Of course, there are a few mentally twisted individuals who seek fame at the expense of other people* s property or even lives, but fortunately the great majority of people satisfy their urge to be remembered in ways that produce little more damage than a bad case of indigestion. 练习3：选择适当的词填空。Illustration f