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1、学英语简单吗?肯定会有许多学生说:“难死了”。为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢?答案只有一个:“不得法。”英 语与汉语样都是种语言,为什么你说汉语会如此流利?那是因为你置身于 个汉语环境中,如果你在伦敦呆上半年,保准说起英语来会非常流利。但很 多中学生没有很好的英语环境,那么你可以自己设置个英语环境,坚持“多 说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”,那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。、多“说”。自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语,见了同学,尤其是和好朋友在起时尽 量用英语去问候,谈心情这时候你需随身携带个英汉互译小词典，遇到 生词时査一下这些生词,也不用刻意去记,用的多了,这个单词自然而然就会
2、记住。千万别把学英语当成负担,始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。或许你有机会碰上外国人,你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼,和他谈天气、谈风景、 谈学校只是别问及他的年纪,婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇, 句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的 多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇,而且不太看重说法,你只要发音准 确,准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心,敢于表达自己的思想。如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系,你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象, 对它谈你天的所见所闻,谈你的快乐,你的悲伤等等,长此坚持下去你的口 语肯定会有较大的提高。二、多“听”寻找一切可以听英语的
3、机会。别人用英语交谈时,你应该大胆地去参与,多听 听各种各样人的发音，男女老少，节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到,如果这样的 机会少的话,你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听,这将会对你帮助很大,而你 去听学过的课文的磁带，那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。三、多“读”。“读”可以分为两种。一种是“默读”。每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅 读速度有很大的好处,读的内容可以是你的课本,但最好是一些有趣的小读物, 因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。每道题的得分都与你的理 解程度有很大关系,所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后,你必定会在高考中胜券 在握。另种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的种学习途
4、径。四、多“写”有的同学总是抱怨时间紧,根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多,不一定 就写作文提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的些重要的事情,或当天 学了某个词组,你可以创设个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你 记住这个词的用法,又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”词时,可写 小段如下:The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.HoweverJm different .1 wish I were a teacher in
5、the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.只几句话:但wish的几种用法已跃然纸上,这样写下来印象会深刻得多,这样 比死记硬背wish的用法也有趣轻松的多。学习英语不用花大块的时间,10分钟的散步可以练“说”,吃完饭后可以读一会儿 英语小说,睡前听几分钟英语,可以使你得到更好地休息只要你每天抽出 些时间来练英语,你的英语成绩肯定会很快提髙的。背英语单词技巧1、循环记忆法艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线人的大脑是个记忆的宝库,人脑经历过的事物,思考过的问题,体验过的情 感和情绪,练习过的动作,都可以成为人们记忆的内容。例如英文的学习中单 词、短语和句子,
6、甚至文章的内容都是通过记忆完成的。从“记“到“忆“是有个过 程的,这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。有很多人在学习英语的过程中, 只注重了学习当时的记忆效果,孰不知,要想做好学习的记忆工作,是要下 番工夫的,单纯的注重当时的记忆效果,而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达 不到良好的效果的。在信息的处理上,记忆是对输入信息的编码、贮存和提取的过程,从信息处理 的角度上,英文的第一次学习和背诵只是个输入编码的过程。人的记忆的能 从生理上讲是十分惊人的,它可以存贮1015比特（byte,字节）的信息,可是 每个人的记忆宝库被挖掘的只占10%,还有更多的记忆发挥空间。这是因为, 有些人只关注了记忆的当时
7、效果,却忽视了记忆中的更大的问题即记忆的牢固 度问题，那就牵涉到心理学中常说的关于记忆遗忘的规律。、艾宾浩斯记忆规律曲线解释德国有一位著名的心理学家名叫艾宾浩斯（Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1850-1909）,他在1885年发表了他的实验报告后,记忆研究就成了心理学中被 研究最多的领域之一,而艾宾浩斯正是发现记忆遗忘规律的第一人。根据我们所知道的,记忆的保持在时间上是不同的,有短时的记忆和长时的记 忆两种。而我们平时的记忆的过程是这样的:输入的信息在经过人的注意过程的学习后,便成为了人的短时的记忆,但是如 果不经过及时的复习,这些记住过的东西就会遗忘,而经过了及时的复习,这 些短
8、时的记忆就会成为了人的种长时的记忆,从而在大脑中保持着很长的时 间。那么,对于我们来讲,怎样叫做遗忘呢,所谓遗忘就是我们对于曾经记 忆过的东西不能再认起来,也不能回忆起来，或者是错误的再认和错误的回忆, 这些都是遗忘。艾宾浩斯在做这个实验的时候是拿自己作为测试对象的,他得 出了一些关于记忆的结论。他选用了一些根本没有意义的音节,也就是那些不 能拼出单词来的众多字母的组合，比如asww, cfhhj, ijikmb, rfyjbc等等。 他经过对自己的测试，得到了一些数据。然后,艾宾浩斯又根据了这些点描绘出了一条曲线,这就是非常有名的揭示遗 忘规律的曲线:艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，图中竖轴表示学习中记住
9、的知识数量,横 轴表示时间（天数）,曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均衡的,不是 固定的一天丢掉几个，转天又丢几个的，而是在记忆的最初阶段遗忘的速度很 快，后来就逐渐减慢了,到了相当长的时候后,几乎就不再遗忘了,这就是遗 忘的发展规律,即“先快后慢”的原则。观察这条遗忘曲线,你会发现,学得的知 识在一天后,如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%）。随着时间的推移,遗忘的速 度减慢,遗忘的数量也就减少。有人做过个实验,两组学生学习一段课文, 甲组在学习后不久进行次复习,乙组不予复习,一天后甲组保持98%,乙组 保持56%； 一周后甲组保持83%,乙组
10、保持33%。乙组的遗忘平均值比甲组髙。 二、不同性质材料有不同的遗忘曲线而且,艾宾浩斯还在关于记忆的实验中发现,记住12个无意义音节,平均需要 重复16.5次;为了记住36个无意义章节,需重复54次;而记忆六首诗中的480 个音节,平均只需要重复8次!这个实验告诉我们，凡是理解了的知识,就能 记得迅速、全面而牢固。不然,愣是死记硬背,那也是费不讨好的。因此， 比较容易记忆的是那些有意义的材料,而那些无意义的材料在记忆的时候比较 费气,在以后回忆起来的时候也很不轻松。因此,艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线是关于 遗忘的一种曲线,而且是对无意义的音节而言,对于与其他材料的对比,艾宾 浩斯又得出了不同性质材料的不同
11、遗忘曲线,不过他们大体上都是一致的。因此,艾宾浩斯的实验向我们充分证实了一个道理,学习要勤于复习,而且记 忆的理解效果越好，遗忘的也越慢。三、不同的人有不同的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线个性化的艾宾浩斯上述的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线是艾宾浩斯在实验室中经过了大量测试后,产生了不 同的记忆数据,从而生成的一种曲线,是一个具有共性的群体规律。此记忆曲 线并不考虑接受试验个人的个性特点,而是寻求一种处于平衡点的记忆规律。 但是记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人,因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同， 可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。规律对于自然人改造 世界的行为,只能起一个催化的作用，如果与每个人的记忆特点相吻
12、合,那么 就如顺水扬帆,一日千里；如果与个人记忆特点相悖,记忆效果则会大打折扣。 因此,我们要根据每个人的不同特点,寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线 2如何学英语 下定决心,坚持不懈英语学习作为门语言技能,通过大量的训练和练习任何人是可以掌握的。 般地说,英语学习的原则是听、说领先,读、写跟上。李扬的疯狂英语提倡, 首先建立起我能学好英语的信心,然后以句子为单位，大量地模仿,疯狂地操 练,大声地朗读,最后达到自如地说英语,他的方法对提髙说英语的能力很奏 效。钟道隆教授45岁开始学英语，一年后,学成出国当口语翻译，并创造了逆 苦恼、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向学习英语的方法。他还提出学习英语要遵循
13、听、写、说、背、想的方法，他的方法强调以听为主，并且把所听到的内容全 部写下来。尤其是他的学习精神最可佳,他学习英语用坏了十几台录音机，你 可想象他听了多少英语；用完的圆珠笔芯几乎装满了一个一拉罐,你可想象他 写了多少,在一年半内,累计业余学习英语时间大约三千小时,也就说每天抽 出几个小时来学英语。如果我们做到他那样，一定也能学好英语。最重要的是 坚持,只要能下定决心,坚持每天至少一个小时的学习英语,战胜自我最后肯 定会有收获的。注意方法,循序渐进决心下定,还注意学习方法,有时根据自己的情况和不同的学习目的,选择不 同的学习方法,但是学习英语定要踏踏实实地、一步个脚印地走。要把基 础知识掌握好
14、,也就是说，发音要正确、基本词汇要掌握牢、基本句式要熟练、 基本语法要会用。(1)要过好语音关。把每个音标发正确,注意改正有问题的音素,特别是那 些容易混淆的音素,尽早地掌握国际音标,并尽量的掌握些读音规则，尽快 地能利用读音规则来拼单词,掌握读音规则对单词的记忆和拼写非常有用。(2)掌握一定数量的英语单词。对于学习者来说掌握英语词汇是难关，学习 单词要从单词的形、音、义这三方面去掌握,要注意单词的词多义,词多 类的用法，要学会些构词法的知识,来扩展词汇量。学习单词要在语言材料 中去学，要结合词组,通过句子,阅读文章来活记单词，死记的单词是记不牢 的。坚持在读、说前，先反复听，听的时候反应单词
15、、句子的意思和节奏,想 下单词的拼法、句子结构。并要同学习语法规则有机结合起来进行。(3)掌握好基本语法。语法在学习英语中也很重要,它能帮助我们把握住英语 的基本规律,通过例句或语言现象把死的语法规则要记住,活的规则要通过做 大量的练习掌握。总之学习英语要通过听、说、读、写、译来进行操练,不但 要注意数量,更重要的是要注意质量,尤其是基本知识要掌握的准确,熟练。 只有经过大量的实践,才能做到熟能生巧,运用自如。提前预习，有的放矢作为学生，在每次上课前,都要对要学的课文提前预习。首先在音标的帮助下 试着拼读单词，也可以借助配套磁带反复听,对比一下，把握不准的要标出来, 注意上课老师的发音,还要记
16、一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或 辅导材料，预习一遍课文,找出不明白的地方,做到心中有数,在教师讲课时 注意听这些地方。总之,预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容,找出不明白的地方, 带着问题听课，做到有的放矢。认真听课，积极配合课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。作为起主导作用的 老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的,但也需要学习者的积极配合。上 课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。预习时出现的问题在课堂上 教师没有讲到的,要向老师提出,把问题搞清楚,老师讲授的问题,先注意听, 下课后整理一下笔记,反复思考一下这些问题,抓住老师所讲的重点,难点和 考点。总之,上课时
17、要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想,调动起多个感官来。 完成作业,找出问题学完每一课,要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案， 做完后再对答案,对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题,应该记下来,等下次上 课时提出来。做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节，它是消化知识和巩固知识的 过程,一定要认真完成规定的作业,笔头作业要动一动笔,口头作业要动一动 嘴,提高听要练练耳,课文在听和读的基础上，最好背诵某些精彩段落。 总之,要做大量的练习,英语是练出来的，一定不要偷懒。及时复习,巩固知识学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘,但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更 不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决
18、心。问题在于怎样来减轻 遗忘的程度。善于类比,总结知识,把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行 横向和纵向比较和联系。建立错误档案记录,加深印象,以避免再反同样错误。 我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的,及时复习对于记忆非常必要,学英语 就是要坚持天天不断的练,不断地重复基本句型,常用词汇和基本语法等。学 习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。总而言之，只要你能做到下定决心学,注意学习方法，把课前预习,认真听课, 完成作业,及时复习这些环节作好了,你定能够学好英语UintlIL Basic Listening Practice1. ScriptW: Ok. Its your turn to pay
19、 the bill. I paid last time.M: What? You have a selective memory. You tried to pay last turn, but your credit card foiled; so I ended up paying! Its definitely your turn.Q: What is true according to the conversation?2. ScriptM: Im having real trouble reviewing for this French exam. I just cant memor
20、ize all the vocabulary.W: Me too. I hate having to learn things by heart. I guess we just have to keep reading the texts over and over.Q: What does the woman prefer?3. ScriptW: Oh look! Theres that guy we saw last week, playing football in the park! He looked great in his kit, remember?M: Him? I don
21、t remember him. Ive got a terrible memory for foces. I have a hard time even recording people Ive been introduced to.Q: According to the conversation, what is the mans problem?4. ScriptM: Why is there a big sign on the back of your door that says keys?W: Its to remind me to take my keys when I go ou
22、t because Im always locking myself out by accident! It doesnt help enough. Now I just forget to read the sign.Q: Why is there a sign on the back of the door?5. ScriptM: That history exam was really hard. The essay question was terrible!W: I know, I wish I were like David. He has a photographic memor
23、y, you know. How useful that would be!Q: What is true of David?Keys: 1.C2.D3. A4.B 5.CIII. Listening InScriptM: Tell me your secret. Youre suddenly getting excellent marks in every subject, and you used to be a bottom-of -class student just like me.W: Simple enough. I read an article in a scientific
24、 journal that studying with remembering, based on recent research into the brain.M: Aw, that stuffs old hat: study at the same time every day, be sure your clothes are comfortable, and make sure you have enough light, blah-blah-blah.W: Not so fast, wise guy. Im talking about principles like “Mental
25、Visualization, creating a picture in your mind of what is to be remembered.M: Ok, that dies sound different. Id “Association a principle-you know, you connect what you want to remember with something youre familiar with?W: Right on! Consolidation is another. I review my notes right after class and c
26、onsolidateor absorb-the new material into what Ive already learned.M: Youre moving ahead fast with those principles. I swear this weekend Im going to study sixteen hours a day both Saturday and Sunday.W: Whoa, big guy. Thats not the way. Follow the principle of Distributes Practice. Shorter study se
27、ssions distributes over several days are better.M: That system is all very well for you; youve got a good memory. But what about me? Ive got a memory like a sieve.W: Youre too modest. Theres nothing wrong with your memory. But memory is like a muscle; it needs exercise. And dont forget it.While the
28、man is wondering why the woman is suddenly getting excellent marks, she says she read an article on studying and remembering. It talks about principles like Mental Visualization, that is, creating a picture in ones mind of what is to be remembered. This reminds the man of the principle of Associatio
29、n, which means connecting what one wants to remember with something one is familiar with. Then the woman adds the principle of Consolidation、or reviewing ones notes after class and absorbing the new material into what one has already learned. When the man promise to study sixteen hours a day, the wo
30、man recommends the principle of Distributed Practice, which favors shorter study sessions distributed over several days. Finally, the woman tells the man that memory is like a muscle, and that it needs exercise.Task 2: You forget my toast!ScriptAn 80-year-old couple was having problems remembering t
31、hings, so they decide to go to their doctor to see what was wrong with them. They explained to the doctor about the problems they were having with their memory. After checking the couple over, the doctor told them that they were physically okay but might need to start writing things down to help the
32、m remember. The couple thanked the doctor and left.Later that night while watching TV, the old woman said to the old man, “Honey, will you please go to the kitchen and get me a dish of ice cream?”Before the old man left, she added, Why dont you write that down so you wont forget?Nonsense, said the h
33、usband, I can remember a dish of ice cream!Well, said the wife, Id also like some strawberries on it. Youd better write that down because I know your memory is failing.Dont be silly, replied the husband. Therere only two things: a dish of ice cream and some strawberries. I can surely remember that!W
34、ith that, he rushed into the kitchen. After about twenty minutes he returned from the kitchen and handed her a plate of bacon and eggs.The wife took one look at the plate, glanced up at her husband, and said, Hey, you forget the toast!Task3: Memory-Improving TechniquesScriptThere are many techniques
35、 you can use to improve your memory. Some of them are introduced her.First and foremost, you need to stimulate your memory all the time. To put it simply, you should use your memory as much as possible. It is especially important to try to learn something new. If you work in an office, learn to danc
36、e; if you are a dancer, learn to deal with a computer, if you work with sales, and learn to play chess; if you are a programmer, learn to paint. These added activities stimulate the brain so that it continues to function.Older people need to pay attention to things they are dealing with. Dont try to
37、 memorize everything that catches your attention; focus on what you consider important. For example, you can take any object such as a pen and concentrate on it. Think on its various characteristics: its material, its function, its color, and so on. Dont allow any other thought to occupy your mind w
38、hile you are concentrating on that pen.Another method that can be used is to relax yourself. It is impossible to remember things if you are tense or nervous.So, try holding your breath for ten seconds, and then release it slowly.Association is also a powerful tool to develop your memory. For example
39、, if you cannot remember a persons name, you can think about a special feature of his face and then link it with his name.Uint2II. Basic Listening Practicel.ScriptW: Have you chosen your elective for next semester yet? Are you taking French writing again?M: Yes I am, but its compulsory for us next s
40、emester. So I think Im gong to do marketing as an elective instead.Q: Which class will the man choose as his elective?2.ScriptM: Did you go to that businesses lecture on Friday? I missed it and need to copy your notes.W: Id say you could borrow my notes, but Sarahs got them. Be careful not to miss P
41、rofessor Browns seminar; he takes attendance in that.Q: What is the woman telling the man?3. ScriptW: Wow, Steven! In the library! What brings you here?M: Im enjoying the view. All the girls in fashion design are here are preparing fbr an exam on Monday.Q: Why is the man in the library?4. ScriptW: H
42、ows your group doing with this statistics presentation? Mines terrible.M: Yeah, mine too. David and Mike are OK, but Steven doesnt pull his weight and Suzies never around. I dont see how we can pass unless Steven and Suzie realize that this is their last chance.Q: What is the true of Steven and Suzi
43、e?5. ScriptW: You took an MBA at Harvard Business School, didnt you? Whats it like?M: Its expensive, about U.S. $ 40,000 a year, plus the costs of food and housing. But the teaching is first class. The professors have a lot of practical experience. They use the case system of teaching; that is, you
44、study how actual businesses grew or failed.Q: Why is he MBA teaching in Harvard Business School first class, according to the conversation?Keys: l.C 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.AIII. Listening InTaskl: On the First DayScriptHarrison: Im Harrison. Good to meet you. So youve bought the books for this biology class.
45、Jenny: Sure, I think everyone had to before class started.Harrison: No. Usually no one does much on the first day because its still add-drop.Jenny:Whats that?Harrison: Changing from class to class to find out which one is best. Hey, where are you from?Jenny: Poland. Have you has this teacher before?
46、 Ive heard he is really good. Harrison: Hes good if youre a hard-worker. He expects a lot.Jenny: Oh, I guess thats good. I hope I can keep up with everyone else in the class. Maybe I need your help after class.Harrison: Youre welcome.Professor: All right. See you guys next week.Student: See you.Jenn
47、y: Harrison, wait up!Harrison: So what do you think about the professors lecture?Jenny: I think half of what he said went over my head.Harrison: Thats all right. A lot of what he said is explain in the reading/Jenny: Hey, would you mind if I borrowed your notes tonight to look them over? Harrison: N
48、o problem. We dont have class until Wednesday. Here you go.Jenny: Thanks. I just want to make sure Im prepared for the seminar.Harrison: Yeah, participation in the discussion is an important part of the education here.Seeing that Jenny has bought the books for the biology class, Harrison says nobody does much on the first day because its still add-drop, which means students are changing from class to class. Jenny knows the professor is really good. But Harrison wa