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1、考研语法一长难句分析策略总论一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1 .阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句-现在分词、过去分词、比较结构一一主语从句。2 .完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句-现在分词、过去分词-主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。3 .翻译：定语从句-状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词-一过去分词比较结构、倒装同位语从句、表语从句。二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。三、长
2、难句分析六步走1. （2010Text4） These （changes） gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets （非流动资产）and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements （损益计算）.2. （2001完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up peopl
3、e involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. (2005Text 1) Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What ca
4、n we infer from the last paragraph?A Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet一and pressure f
5、rom funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from govemment-fiinded research by restricting access to it一is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1 .句子成分：主干成分主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分定语、状语和补语例： When it comes to English test, he, who is a college stude
6、nt, considers grammar most important.2 .由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。例： Last year, the hard-working student considered the NETEM most important.(词)In 2011, most of college students, a group of hard-working people, considered passing the NETEM most important.(短语)When it was 2011, what wa
7、s considered to be the most important for most of college students, who were hard-working people, was passing the NETEM.(句)3 .简单句基本句型：(1)主语+及物动词+宾语I like English.(2)主语+系动词+表语He looks twisted.(3)主语+不及物动词I fainted.(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He told me a story.(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语We call this kind pseudo-girls
8、.启示：“”部分为句子的谓语部分，只有有动词才成句，通过动词与连词区分简单句、并列句、复合句。第二章名词性语法内容一、名词：1.语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例： The reasons are clear now.Why he murdered hiswifb is clear now.He has made clear the facts.He has made clear whatthey had done yesterday.It is the question.It is whether I should disgracefullysurvive o
9、r smartly disappear.We found out the fact, the murder.We found out the factthat he was killed.Americans elected Barack Obama their president.二、名词性结构：动名词与不定式1 .动名词与不定式做主语例：5. （2006完形）Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.6. （2005.49） Creating a Euro
10、pean Identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric （组织） of the Old Continent （欧洲大陆）is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.7. To err （犯错）is human; to forgive, divine （神圣的）.2 .动名词与不定式做宾语例：8. （1994语法）I appreciate the opportunity to study
11、abroad two years ago.A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given9. (2003 Text 1) The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen s e-mail.3 .动名词与不定式检测题10. (2004Textl) With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding prom
12、ising openings (空缺) can be time-consuming and inefficient. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.11. (2004完形)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.12. (2001Text5) I have discovered , as perhaps K
13、elsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life, and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.13. (1998Text4) Em
14、erging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充当句子成分，称之为名词性从句。1.主语从句:that弓|导(陈述句)、whether、what等疑问词引导(what疑问句)。14. (2006Text3) That
15、 these seas are being overfished has been known for years.15. (1993.74) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes (the scientists4 mind processes), and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.16. (2000.72) I
16、t is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.17. (2008.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institutio
17、n is its effect in enlarging and improving experience.18. (1994.75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.2.宾语从句：that引导(可省一陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(疑问句)。19. (2005Text2
18、) Do you remember all those years when scientist argued (that) smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn t know for sure?20. (2004.61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people re
19、alized how diverse languages could be.21. (1997Text4) The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude.3.表语从句：that引导和as/as if引导(陈述句)、beca
20、use/why、what 等疑问词引导(疑问句)。22. (1997Text2) A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how fiiendly, courteous, and helpfill most Americans were to them.23. (2006Text3) The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they hav
21、e been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.4 .同位语从句：that引导(陈述句)、疑问词引导(疑问句)。a.名词+同位语从句24. (2005Text3) A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fbars.25. (2011.46) Allen4s contribution was to take
22、 an assumption we all share that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughtsand reveals its erroneous nature.26. (2009Textl) The conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(3)名词性从句检
23、测题：27. What he wanted to convey was that he was innocent, but the public considered that the fact that the affair had a strong influence on the female stars was the prominent evidence for his fault.28. (2012Textl) But in her new book, Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can als
24、o be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.29. (2012Text2) Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 200
25、6 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.30. (2010Text2) The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case (Bilski) would be heard by all 12 of the court s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to
26、 evaluate is whether it should -reconsider its State Street Bank ruling.(2010-27) Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A. Its ruling complies with the court decisions.B. It involves a very big business transaction.C. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.D. It may change the lega
27、l practices in the U.S.第三章形容词性语法内容一、语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。例：She is beautiful.We find the exam interesting.The girl stood there, full of confidence.He is a handsome boy. He is a boy who is handsome.We should know the culture past and present.二、形容词性从句：定语从句-限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。例：31. (2005.47) Mul
28、ti-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.32. (1999Text2) Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business par
29、tners who are given access to the company s private intranet.33. He studied hard at school when he was young, which contributed a lot to his success in his career.1.关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导（做连词可省）、which引导、 who引导、whom引导、whose引导。例：34. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templat
30、es (模式)into which they plug (嵌入，套入)each day s events.35. (2012Textl) But in her new book, Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help indivi
31、duals improve their lives and possibly the world.2.关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、 whereby 弓 I 导。例：36. Television is one of the means whereby these feelings are created and conveyed.37. (1998cloze) By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1659 to 1750, when England was still a com
32、pletely agricultural country, a period of abundance and prosperity.38. (2005Text3) Of all the components of a good night s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.3. as引导的定语从句：a.引导限定性定语从句：固定搭配的必须必suchas,
33、the same as(that),as as ；例：39. (2001Text4) The most important forces behind the massive (巨大的) M&A (并购)wave are the same that underlie (弓 I起)the globalization process.40. The sun gives us as much energy every minute as mankind uses in a year.b.引导非限定性定语从句：代替which出现在主句之前。例：41. (2006Text2) Stratford-on-
34、Avon, as we all know, has only one industry 一William Shakespearebut there are two distinctively separate and increasingly hostile branches.42. (2006Translation) This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branches of human knowledge is one thing; living in public
35、and industrious thoughts, as Emersion would say, is something else.作文常用句型：As is shown in the pictures, As is seen from the chart, As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon above,4 .定语从句和同位语从句区分：例： The conclusion that they have drawn is wrong.The conclusion that they won t accept our conditions is wrong.
36、5 .定语从句检测题43. (2012Text3) In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.44. (2006翻译)The definition also excludes the majority of 自ctors, despite the fact t
37、hat teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.45. (1994完形54) The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension. A. who B. as C. which D. what46. (2006Text2) Hilton is building its own hote
38、l there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.47. (2008Text4) They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had
39、 fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.48. (2008Text4) Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their fre
40、edom in his will.(2008-40) Washington s decision to free slaves originated from hisA. moral considerationB. military experienceC. financial conditionsD. political stand49. (2010Textl) Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the
41、 most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.50. (2010Textl) It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspa
42、pers.三、分词：现在分词、过去分词-时态与主被动1 .语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。2 .定语：a. We are often attracted by enchanting music.We must adapt (适应)our thinking to the changed conditions.b. The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.51. (2006Text4) After all, what is the one modem form of expression al
43、most completely dedicated (用于)to depicting happiness.c.分词作定语检测题:52. （1996年语法）There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently 4 what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.A. giving B. gave C. to give D. gives53. （1995年语法）How many of us , say, a m
44、eeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion. A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended54. （1999年语法）It s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modem life and on the vague （不明确的）changes place in our ever-changing world.A. taking B. to take C. t
45、ake D. Taken55. （2003.63） The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.56. （2010Textl） We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper
46、reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.（2010-22） Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were charac
47、terized by.A. free themes B. casual stylesC. elaborate layout D. radical viewpoints3.表语：a. His argument is very convincing.b.分词作表语检测题：57.（2005Text3） In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended （暂停、终止）and dead people speak.4 .补足语：主要看动作是谁发出的，宾语发出就是宾语补足语。a. While walking along the s
48、treets, we often hear someone singing for his/her living.In the morning, people woke up and found the world outside their house completely changed.b.分词做补足语检测题：Teachers always speak loudly in order to make themselves heard.5 .状语：注意分词的逻辑主语，由主被动关系决定分词选择（切记）。a. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances（物质）near it.Seen in this light, economic crisis is not as serious as people generally suppose.b.分词作状语检测题：58. （1998语法）He wasn t asked to take on the chairmanship of the