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1、第一章名词英语中的名词通常分为两大类：专有名词和普通名词。具体分类见下表:专有名词意义例词表示特定的人，物，机构，场所等的名词（首字母要大写）Paris,the United States, Bill Gates 等普：通名词可数名词个体名词表示同类人或物中的个体student,book,tree,clock 等集体名词表示若干人或物的总称team,police,family,group 等不可数名词物质名词表示物质和材料的总称paper,water,airmoney,meat 等抽象名词表示动作，性质，状态，情感等抽象概念的名称hope, wish,birth,happiness,love
2、等名词根据是否可数分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数之分，可在词尾加S 或es构成其复数形式，单数形式是在其前加a或an ；不可数名词没有单复数之分，不能在词尾加s或es ,在其前也不能加a或an 。一.可数名词1 .一般情况下在名词的词尾加sdesk-desks monkey-monkeys2 .以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加esbus-buses,box-boxes,watch-watches3 .以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i ,再加es baby-babies4 .以f,fe结尾的名词，有两种变化形式变f,fe为v,加es或宜接加s。将 f 或 fe 变 v 加 es
3、 的词有： half-halves knife-knives,leaf-leaves,life-lives,self-selves.shelf-shelves,thief-thieves, wife-wives, wolfwolves直接加 s 的词有：belief-beliefs（信仰），chief-chiefs（首领），（悬崖）proofproofs（证明），roofroofs（屋顶）5 .以。结尾的名词，变复数时：一般情况加 es,如：potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes以 o 结尾的外来词词尾加 s,如：photo-photos, piano-pianos,
4、radio-radios,zoo-zoos;6 .不规则的变化Chinese-ChineseJ apanese-J apane seEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenRussian-RussiansAmerican-AmericansGerman-Germanschild-childrenfbot-feet man-menwoman-womentooth-teethgoose-geesedeer-deersheep-sheepfish-fish deer-deer注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数”的变化：单数集合名词如： class,poli
5、ce,family,school,group,team,people,policeman,cattle 等。尽管形式上是单数,意义是都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用。例如：Class Five have a foreign friend.五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学）His family are good to me.他的家人对我很好。（这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指整体时，意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。如：Our school team often plays well in our city.我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里
6、的 team指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.二.不可数名词英语中的不可数名词是我们不能用汉语来判断的，因此对于不可数名词需要强化记忆，但总的来说还是有一定规律的。物质名词如液体，固体，气体类的名词通常是不可数名词。抽象名词，表示总称的名词通常也是不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加不定冠词a/an,也没有复数形式，如：milk,rice,water,tea等。当不可数名词要表达量的概念时，需要加表示量的单位。如：a piece of tea,a piece of bread名词所有格名词所有格有两种形式：一是加s,一种是用of来表示。-一般情况下，指某人的某物用s表示，而指某物的
7、什么用of来表示。一.有生命的名词所有格一般以S来表示1 .单数名词的所有格在名词词尾加STom-Tomsmy frie nd-my friends2 .复数名词的所有格有两种以s结尾的复数在末尾加spare nts - pare ntsstude nts-stude nts不以s结尾的复数在末尾加，swomen-women,s children-childrens3 .表示两者公有的东西时，应在最后一个名词上加，sTom and JimsLucy and Lilys4 .表示两者各自所有时，在两个名词上分别加，sMarys and Johns二.无生命的名词所有格一般用介词。f来表示 a m
8、ap of Chinaa picture of classroom注意：这两种名词所有格可以单独使用也可以两种混合使用。名词的练习（短语翻译）我弟弟的朋友汤姆的书她的猫的名字双胞胎的房间儿童节房间的窗户三.选择填空：1 .That is a big room.Its.a.the twins b.twins c.the twins d.twins2 .The old woman is grandma.b.Jane,s and Marys d.Jane *s and Maryb.Jims and Tima.Janes and Mary c.Jane and Marys3 .coats are ve
9、ry nice.a.Jim and TimseJim and Timd.Jims and Tims4 .-Can we have some?Yes,please.a.banana b.oranges c. apple d.pear5 .On the table there are five.a.tomatosb.piece of tomatoesc.tomatoes d.tomato6.September 10th isin China.a.Teachers Day b.Teachers, Day c.Teacher Day d.Teachers Day7.1s the broom under
10、No,its under &the teacher ;mydesk?b.teacherimine c.teachersjme d.the teachers,mine8.face to the south.a. Window of the room c.The rooms window 9.Please take two.a.picture of the park c. the pictures of a parkb.The window of the roomd.The windows in roomb. pictures of the park d.picture of a park10.1
11、 need paper,Mum.I want to write.a.any,someb.some,a11. Will you pass me &a few pieces of chalk c.a few of chalksc.a,some9letter to my English teacher, d.some,anyb.a few chalks d.some chalks12has been invited to the dancing party.a.friend of herc. Friends of hers13 .The re are two a.knifes,forks14 .We
12、 could seeb. A friend of hersd.Friends of herand three on the table.b.knifes,fork c.knives,forkeschildren and heard.knives, forksnoise in the park.a. many, manyb. much,muchc. many,muchd.much,many15 . Which of the following is right? a.China has a large population.c. China has many populations.16 .Jo
13、an is.b.China has much population.d.China has a great deal of peoplea.Mary and Jack sister c.Mary and Jack sister 17. We need some moreb. Mary and Jacks sister d.Marys and Jacks sister .Can you go and get some ,please?a. potatob. potatos c. potatoesd. potatose18 .The post office is a a.thirty minute
14、st walk c.thirty minutes, walk19 .Two and threebit far from here.I Vs about.a.Englishmans,Germen c. Englishmen,Germans20 .She is the only one among theb.thirty minutes walk d.thirty minutes walk attended the meeting.b. Englishmen,Germend. Englishmans,Germanswriters whostories for children.b. women,w
15、ritec. women,writes d.woman,writea. woman,writes 三.填空： l.How many 2.These3.Happy（绵羊）and（鹿）can you see?.（woman）teachers like their（girl）students.（教师）Day!4 . Happy(儿童)Day!5 . There are three(shoe)shops,they sell(shoe).6 .(Tom)and(Jim)father likes(mouse)a lot.7 .That man is a friend of(我)(father).8.1 h
16、ave six(小刀)，two(shelf)and some(potato).9.Three(德国人)and seven(法国人)are visiting our school. lO.They are all good(故事)，but none of the(男孩)likes them.四.趣味过关：When Mary Smith was a(学生)，she wanted to be a teacher,be cause she likeschildren.When she was twenty-one years old,she began teaching in a small scho
17、ol.She was a good teacher,and she laughed a lot with the(孩子)。In her class,they likedher teaching.One day one of the(girl)in her class said to her/Miss Smith,why is a(man)hair gray before his beard(胡须)does?，Mary laughed and answered,dont know,Helen,why does it become grey before his beard does I dont
18、 know either, Miss Smith Jans we red Helen, uWhat it happened to my father.The other children in the class laughed when heard this.Then one of the boys said ,“I know ,Miss Smith!(man)hair is gray first because its sixteen years older than their beards/第二章冠词冠词分为不定冠词a（an）和定冠词the,不定冠词一般表示泛指，定冠词一般表示特指。一
19、.不定冠词a（an）的用法：1）不定冠词a（an）用于单数可数名词前。a用于辅音字母开始的词前；an用于元音字母开始的词前。如：a girl,an English book2）不定冠词用来表示类别，指某一类人或某一类事物中的一个（泛指）。如His father is a doctor;二.定冠词the的用法1）表示上文提到过的人和事物。如： He have a story book.The story book is very good.2）用来表示世界上独一无二事物o、如： The sun ,the moon,the sky,the earth,the world3）用于表示方位的词前。如:
20、the east ,the south west,the middle ,the Far East, on the left4）用于乐器名词前。如：play the pi ano,play the violin,play Erhu5）用于复数的姓氏前，表示“两夫妇”或“全家”，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待。如：The Smiths watch TV every day.6）用于一些形容词，表示类人或事物。如：the poor,the rich,the living,the young7）用在形容词的最高级前或序数词前。如：Shanghai is the biggest city in Chi
21、na.This is the first time that he came to Beijing.三.不用冠词的情况1）名词前有指示代词，物主代词，不定代词或名词所有格修饰，不用冠词。I like this picture better.Is that your book?Take their chairs away!I dont have any money on me .As time went on,Einsteins theory proved to be correct.2）季节，月份，星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。She likes Spring while I like Summ
22、er.We have no classes on Saturday.The long March started in October 1934.3）三餐饭的名词前，般不用冠词。When do you have lunch?After supper we uaually take a walk.4）节假日等名词前不用冠词。People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.5）球类和棋类运动的名词前不用冠词。play basketball play chess6）在be动词后表示程度的形容词最高级前不用冠词。Your help was most t
23、imely.This method is most effective.7)在某些固定词组里名词前不用冠词。on foot, by train /boat/plane.;in fact ;as a matter of fact;in the day,in the moming( afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow ,the next morning,in the sky(water,field,country);in the dark,in the rain,in the distancedn the middle(of),in the end,
24、on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre 等。趣味闯关用适当的冠词填空One night,little monkey is playing by the well.He looks in well and says:Oh!moon has fallen into this well!”older monkey runs overJakes look,and says: u Goodness me !The moon is in thewater !MA lot of monkeys come over to the well .They look at
25、 the moon in the well and say:the moon has really fallen in the well.Come on. Lets get it outThen oldest monkey finds the way toget the moon out. With his feet on the tree,He draws the next monkeys feet with his hands,All the other monkeys follow him,and they follow each other one by one down to the
26、 moon in the well.After some time ,they think they will get to the moon soon.At that time the oldest monkey looks up,and he sees the moon in sky.He says out:Dont be so foolish!The moon is in the sky.”目标检测单项选择l.Can you see sun in the sky?a. an b.a c.the d./2 .He has idea.lt is good idea.a.an,the b.a,
27、ac.the,thed.an,a3 . He is neither American,nor Asi an. He is Canadian.a.an.an.a b.an,a,a c./ d.a,a,a4 .We always have rice fbr lunch.a./,/b.the/c./,ad.the,the5 .Yesterday I went to town on foot.a.the.the b c.a,/ d.the/6 .May I have look at your picture?a.a b.an c.the d./7 .We usually have lunch at s
28、chool.a.theb.a c./ d.an8 .The young plays violin well.a.ab.an c.the d./9 .January is first month of the year.a.a b./ c.an d.the10 . We are going to have x-ray check.a.a b.an c.the d./11 .Wont you have cold drink in such hot weather?a.a b.an c.the d./12 .We 411 wait for you at gate of school on Natio
29、nal Day.a.a.the ,the b.the,the,/ c.the,a,/ d.a,a,/13 .There issin the word “six andis is the first letter of the word*a. a, theb.atanc. an,thed.a,a14 .There was chair by the window.On chair sat old woman with baby inher arms.a.the,a,a,a b.a.the,an,a c.a,the,a,the d.a,the,a,a15 .My brother is univers
30、ity student.A.a b.an c.the d,/16.1 t took me hour and half to finish work.a. a,a, ab.an,aac.an.a. thed.an,a,/17 . We often go to playground to play football in afternoon.a.a,the ,theb.the/the c./,an d.the,the,an18 .He was in hurry to catchtrain.a. a,/b.a,the c.the/ d./,the19.She has same coat as my
31、sister.a. anb.a cJ d.the2O.Beijing is capital of our country.a.the b.an c./ d.a用冠词填空：l.Bill Gates is one of richest men in the world.2.He enjoys playing golf,and piano.3.BilI is playing golf,and piano.orange is orange. Wealllike oranges.4 .boy under tree is honest boy.5 .first day of a week is Sunda
32、y.1.1 have uncle.He has useful book,but he doesnt have umbrella.7 .We can see sun in daytime and moon at night.8 .There isu ands in the word “use”.9 .We have three meals day.We have lunch in middle of day.10 .day before yesterday we played basketball for hour.ILLiMing has two brothers.One is teccher
33、,other is doctor.They studied in university.12 .Greens are on visit to beautiful city in China.13 .There is picture on wall.It is nice picture.I likepicture very much.14 .There is going to be English text next week.15 .Juneis Childrens Day.在下面短文空白处填上一个合适的冠词，不需要填的划There isstory-book on thedesk.stiry-
34、book is about Mr.Baker.He isEnglishman.He likes fishing very much.He has two children.One is girl with the name Mary,the other is boy with the nameTom.He likes playing football and Mary likes playing violin.Mrs. Baker isdoctor She works in hospital.She is always busy with her work. Butwhen she is fr
35、ee she will go to watch her husband fishing by rive匚Sometimes friend ofhers goes with her.第三章代词代词是代替名词的词，代词有主格代词，宾格代词，形容词性物主代词，名词性物主代词。主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词I我me我my我的mine我的she她her她her她的hers她的he他him他hishis他的we我们US我们our我们的ours我们的they他们them他们their他们的theirs他们的you你们you你，你们your你们的,你的yours你的,你们的it它it它its它的its
36、它的一.人称代词表示“你，我，他，你们，我们，他们”等的词叫人称代词，它有人称，数和格的变化，人称代词代表的是人或事物，有主格和宾格两种。主格有：I you he she it单数we you they 复数宾格有：me you him her it 单数 us you them 复数1 .主格通常在句子中主语。如：I am Lucy.我是露西。She is ten years old.她十岁了。He is an English teacher.他是英语老师。Its a cat.它是只猫。We are pupils.我们是学生。They are twins.她们是双胞胎。Do you have
37、 a pen?你有钢笔吗？2 .宾格则在句子中作动词，介词的宾语。如:Let me help you.让我来帮助。Please give him a book.请递给他一本书。Listen to her carefully.认真听他说。Please put them here.请把他们放在这儿。Let us go home.咱们回家吧。二.物主代词表示所属关系，可分为形容词性和名词性。1 .形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，它不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，位于名词前面，作定语。形容词性物主代词有：单数：my,you,his,her,its复数有：our,your,their如：My name is
38、 Gina. Whatyour name?His b 汰e is bl ack. Her sister is Lingling.Our classroom is very big.Who is their English teacher?2 .名词性物主代词起名词的作用，不能修饰名词，在句子中可作主语，宾语，表语，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词名词性物主代词有：单数：mine,yours,his,hers,its 复数：oues,yours,theirs如：The book isnTt mine.Its hers.Mine is your bag.Where is his?Those cloth
39、es are ours.Theirs are there.注意：形容词性物主代词变名词性物主代词的规律是：一变(my-mine,二留(his-his,its-its),三加S三.指示代词：表示“这个，那个，这些，那些”等指示的代词叫指示代词。指示代词有：单数：this,that复数：these,those指示代词即可以起名词作用也可以起形容词作用。this,these指近处的人或物，而 that,those指远处的人或物。1 .作主语如：This is my brother.That is my father.These are my books.Those are books.2 .作定语：
40、如：This sweater is very beautiful.That cat is Lucys.These books are mine.Those pencils are mine.四.不定代词不定代词指不明确指代某个特定名词的代词，具有名词和形容词性质，并有可数和不可数的 all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no,some, something,anything,everything,somebody,some one,anybody,anyon
41、e,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone 等。Both,all的用法all都，指三者以上；all的主谓一致：的单复数由它所修饰或指示的名词的单复数决定。All goes well.一切进展得很好。All还可以和一些特殊的单数名词连用，如：all China,all the city,all my life,all the wayBoth都,指两者。Both与复数动词连用，但both.and可与单数名词连用：both,all都可做同位语，其位置在行为动词前，be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词前，如：
42、Who can speak Japanese? We both (all)can.Some,any的用法Some可与复数名词及不可数名词连用；当作“某一”解释，也可与单数名词连用。如： You will be sorry for this some day.Any多用于否定句和疑问句及条件状语从句中；当句中含有任何的意思时，可用于肯定句中。Here are three novels,You may read any.注意：当说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some.Would you like 句式是，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some co
43、ffee?One,that和it的用法One表示泛指，that和it表示特指，that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat.I think I must buy one.（不定）The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.（同一类但不同一个）I cant find my hat. I dont know where I put it.（同一物）Many,much的用法Much,many意都为许多，many+可数名词，much+不可数名词。How many people are ther
44、e at the meeting?Much of the time was on learning.代词的练习短语翻译我们的老师他的妈妈她的书包这本书它的名字你的课桌他们的风筝我的裙子那些东西那个女孩你的鞋她们的玩具单项选择l.The pen is hers.Pass it to,please.a. herb.shec.hersd.herself2.He asks to do the work.a.you,he and I B.you him and me c.I,you,and he d.me,you,and him 3.These skirts are.are on the chair.a
45、. him, yoursb.ours,theirs,c. their,ourd. mine,it4.our computer is new,but is old.a. We,theyb.Our,their c.Our,theirsd.Ours,theirs5.1s this classroom?a. theirb.theirs c.they d.them6.Helen ,is Kate.is a new students.a.that,That b.this.That c.this,She d.it,This7.1s this Kales raincoat? No,is red.a. sheb
46、.her c.hers d.its8 .Though it rained heavily,were still playing on the playground.a.theyb.themc.theird.themselves9 .Tom and will go to see our teacher,for is ill.a.I;sheb.me;shec.I ;herd.me;her1.1 1 saw playing in the street at that time.a.themb.theyc.theird.theirs11 .Whos that at the door?a.Sheb.This c.Itd.He12 .Look,who is coming?-must be our English teacher.a.She b.He c.It d.This13.is 200 kilometers from here to the natural park.We have to go there by car.