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1、初中英语中考总复习大全目 录第一篇词法2, 名词2二、冠词 9三、代词 14四、形容词、副词 24五、连词38六、介词 45七、数词57、动词62第二篇句法80、主要句式80二、定语从句90三、常见习惯用语94附录 117中学生英语学习常见错误览表 117B 124C129E137F 140G 144H 1461150J 151K 152M 157N 1600 163R167S169T 173U176V177W 178Y 181第一篇词法、名词(一)知识概要名的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是 不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们
2、不妨把它分为两 大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名 称，in, the Great Wall, America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名 词，如pen, worker它表示单的个体人或事物;集体名词，如:family,class, team,它 表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词，如:water,paper它表示的是种物质, 原材料:而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time它表示着一种实际生活中看不见、摸不 到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。名词览表种类专有名词London, John
3、, the Communist Party of China普通 名词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名 i司 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用主:语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love ou
4、r great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定i昔 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同仪语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不 能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名诃、抽象名词等, 如:English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是
5、可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单 数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是:1 .一般情况加s,如:pen一pens, doctoLdoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s,在元音和浊辅音后读zo如:mapmap , boy一boys.2 .在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:busbuses,class-classes,其读音为iz。3 .以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为izo4 .以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作z,如:factoryfactories,country 一countries, famil
6、yfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s, 如:boyboys,day一days。5 .以结尾的名词的复数形式般要加es,但如果前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以 结尾的 贝只力U s, 如:tomato一tomatoes,hero一heroes;photo-photos,radio-radios,piano- pianos6 .以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的诃如roof的复数形式是roofs7 .不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:manmen,wo
7、man一 women, child-children, foot一feet,tooth-teeth, mouse一mice8 .单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep,deer9 .单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化,其主格可.作主 语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的 名词的所有格其单数形式是加S其复数形式是,如其结尾不是S的复数形式仍加，S,如: a studenfs room, students* rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s,如:a twen
8、ty minutes，walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers（二）正误辨析沃Please give me a paper.止Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概 念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误,因paper在英语中是属于 物质名词类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达, 如:two pieces of paper.误Ple
9、ase give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如: Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.误 My glasses is broken.正 My glasses are broken.底I want to buy two shoes.IE I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses一眼镜,shoes鞋,t
10、rousers一裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用 复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。 如:This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以。结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果前面是个元音字母或 外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoozoos,pianopianos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名诃前有指示代
11、i司this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which,或所 有格时,则不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden.正 There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应向many, few, a few, a lot of来修饰,而people是可数名词,而且是复 数名词,如:The people are planting trees here.误I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a lit
12、tle, little, a lot of, some来修饰,但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正 Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.底Tom*s and Marys family are waiting for us.IE Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for m
13、e.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视 为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV.即汤姆家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:family class, team等。误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good
14、.正 The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定 冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.误Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of waler.正Please give me two coffees.析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词,如:two cups o
15、f tea,two glasses of water,aglass of milk,a loaf of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth例:Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有 coffee 可以用 coffees 来取代 many cups of coffee.状Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s
16、构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如:Marys hair但在英文的习惯 用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如:a five minutes walk.底Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的,如:room为可数名词时为“房间”,如:I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有:gla
17、ss玻璃glasses眼 镜stone石头a stone 块石头time时间two times两次wood木头woods树林天There is a flowers garden behind my house.正 There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外,还可以用来修饰另个名词,这时作修饰 词的名词一般要用单数形式,如:shoe factory （鞋厂）,post office（邮局）,evening paper （晩 报）,night school （夜校）,head master （校长）,a law schoo
18、l （自律学院）。但也有例外，血:a goods train（货车）,sports meeting （运动会）。陕My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.止 My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形,如:fish, deer, sheep, Chinese （中国人）,means （方法）。所 以应讲 one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲 There are five fishes in
19、 the pool. 应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。i天Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正 Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:thanks, greens,而有些词单数形式与复数形 式有不同的诃意。如:clothes为衣服,而cloth则是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.正I offered my son my congratulations o
20、n his success.析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式,但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误 We have five German in this meeting.正 We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而German则要加s,因为它不是由 国名与man的组合词。i天There are two As in this word.正There are two As in this word.析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s,但如字母是A、I时,为了防止与As 和I
21、s相混,则要用k即As, I s误 正 析 误 正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 在小写字母可数字的复数形式表达法中要用，SWe have many woman teachers in our school.We have many women teachers in our school.析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如:half brotherhalf brothers（同父异母或同母异父的兄
22、弟）daughter in lawdaughtersin law,（丿 媳）但要注意的是:man driver一men drivers（男司机）woman doctor一women doctors（女大 夫）grown up-grown ups（成年人）但是 boy student则变为 boy students误Physics are very difficult to learn.iH Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有:科学,学科名字:Physics. Mathematics politics 游戏名称:bowls专有名
23、称:Niagara Falls（尼亚加拉瀑布）其他名词:news（消息,新闻）底There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room.正There is a man in the room.析people是复数名词,不可用作单数,如要用来讲个人时应用a person, a man, a woman同样的词有police.要讲个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman误Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作豆数形式的词有trousers, pants, sh
24、orts（短裤），socks（袜子）,shoes, gloves（手 套）。但如果只找其中的个则要指明,这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheremy left glove?（我左手的手套在哪?）误I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英语中便i有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指个个 的硬币,如:I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。（即 便土 个 的硬币）。底There are many fruit in t
25、he shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词,但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词,这里应译为各 种各样的水果。I天There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格,如果是单数名词则加1如:Marys car.如果是以s结尾的复数 名词则只在s后面加如:teachersoffices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾,则只加s, 如:childrens palace组合名词的所有格是在最后个词尾加
26、s如:girl friend 一girl friends someone elsesomeone elses a week or threea week or three*s 如名词后有同位语时,则应 加在同位语的词尾上,如:It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时,如 表示归两人共同所有,则在最后个名词后面加s,如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分 别加s,如:This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。 而These are Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是M
27、ary的家与Jone的家。误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用。f结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以工无生命的名词: 表示时间的诃:todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词:three metres* distance, a boats length, twenty milesjourney 表小重量的名词:two pounds weigh
28、t 价格名词:two dollarsworth拟人化的名词:Nature,s work, natures lesson（夫自然的教训） 及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library误 He is an old friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的，种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如:This pen is Toms.误My father is a good cooker.正My father is a good cook.析一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者
29、,如:teach（教）一teacher（老 师）,think（想）一thinker（思想家）,drive（开车）一driver（司机）,sell（卖）一seller（卖物者） 但不 能总是以此类推,比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲,而cooker 则为厨具,餐具,即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。误The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示类人时应按复数名词,如:the rich富人,the poor（穷人）,the wise聪明人,但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数
30、名词,如: The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。状The stories of the book was written many years ago.正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories,所以应用复数谓语动词。误This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary.正This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.析one of意为“之一”,。f后面的名词要用复数形式。误
31、Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.析uncle Wangs意为“王叔叔家”，doctors意为“医院或私人诊所”。误I think we will make a friend with each other.正I think we will make friends with each other.析make friends为习惯用法,即交朋友。误I want to tell you much pieces of good news.| I want to tell you many piec
32、es of good news.析news为不可数名词,但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词,因量词是可数名词, 或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some即可用在可数名词前,也可用在不可数 名词前作形容词，如:I want to tell you some pieces of good news.误The teacher with five students are coming here.正 The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语,这与连词and
33、有很大的区别,如: The teacher and five students are coming here.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰 语。壁There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them.正There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it.析information为不可数名词,而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.误 Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.lE Many a
34、student makes the same mistake in the exam.析many a加可数名词单数,作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式,但其意为许多学生。误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词:cloth是物质名词,意为“布”,没有复数 形式,而clothing是指衣物的总称,也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服,但没有单数形式
35、, 如:This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的 dress 则指较正规的服装,如:a school dress校服,an evening dress晚L服。误I like to study the English.iE I like to study English.析作为种学科名词前不要用冠词,而作为某特指学科则要加冠词,如：Hike to study history. I like to study the history of America.灰The Brown
36、s is going to visit China.正The Browns are going to visit China.析定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译 为:Brown先生一家将要访问中国。（三）例题解析1 . Lucy and Lily in the same class.A. am B. is C. are D. be答案C.析由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。2 . Which is the to the bus stop, please?A road B way C street D address答案B.
37、析这是考察同意词辨析,road是指较宽阔的大道,意为“乡间公路”,而street意为道 路两边的建筑物较高,可视为街道之意,而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径,还可 引深为方式、方法。而 address 则为“地址”。如:There is a car running along the country road.I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum?3 . Hurry up!There is time left.A little B a little C few D a few分案
38、A.析因time作为时间讲为不可数名词,所以不可用few, a few来修饰。另外,英文的 表达法与中文不同,中文讲,快点,时间不多了,而英文要讲,快点,没时间了。因此, 要用!ittle而不用a little.4 . How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato答案B.析用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式,而tomato的复数要加es.5 . 一 is the meat. Please?一 Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C H
39、ow old D How long卷案A析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时,不论其值是多 少都是不可数名词,要用how much提问。6 The boy*s name is James Allen Green. So his given name is.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green答案A.析英文的习惯与中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文则是姓在最后,其第一个 名字是由父母所起的,中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可称作given name,而姓 在英文中是family name.7
40、Shanghai is one of the biggest in our country.A city B citys C citys D cities答案D.析复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of加名词的结构中 的名词应用复数。8 Would you please pass me?A two paperB two papersC two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers答案C.析paper是不可数名词,如讲,张、两张纸时,要用量词piece.9 September 10th is Day.A Teacher B Te
41、achers C Teachers D Teachers答案D.10 I only have bread for lunch today.A a bit B a bit of C little D few答案B.11 What would you like, Ann? Id like two.”A glass of milk B glasses of milkC glass of milks D glasses of milks答案B.12 There isnt paper in the box. Will you go and get for me?A any, someB any, any
42、 C some, some D some, any答案a.析any用于否定句与疑问句,但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时,问 句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.13 June 1 st is.A Childrens day B childrens DayC Childrens Day D childrens day答案C.14 These foreign friends are.A German B Germen C Germany D Germans答案D.15 All the students are busy, so of them will go to the c
43、inema.A many B little C a few D few答案d.析student是可数名词,而few用于可数名词,意为:几乎没有学生去电影院。16 There are three and seven in the picture.A deers, sheeps B deers, sheepC deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps答案C.析deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。17 Whose room is this? It*s.A my B Kike*s and JohnsC our D Kike and Johns答案D.析因为room为单数,所以不可能是Ki
44、ke的间与John的间,应为二者共用的 间房子。二、冠词（一）知识概要冠词在英语中只有3个词,分为两类:不定冠词a与an,定冠词the。a用在以辅音开始 的单数名词前,an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事 物,而定冠词则用于特指的某个或某些事物,可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数 名词复数前。（二）正误辨析误 This building is an university.正 This building is a university.析a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前,而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前,而不是元音 字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是
45、j,所以用a而不要用an。又如:There is a n” in the word.是错句，应为:There is an n in the word.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音,所以应该用an hour。例如:I need an hour to finish the work.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country.I bought a used car.误I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.正I need an umbre
46、lla because it looks like raining.析因umbrella的第，个音素是元音,所以应用an.常用的情况有:an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy, 误Can you help meSorry, Im in hurry. ”iE Can you help me “ Sorry. Im in a hurry.析不定冠词的主要用法如下:1 .用来表示类人或事物,如:She is a teacher.2 .指某类人或事物中的个,如:An elephant is bigger than a horse.3 .泛指某一人或事物