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1、小升初英语语法归纳（一）被动语态动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者，。者为主动关系。被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者，。者为被功关系。I have done the job.（主动句）The job has been done.（被动句）1.被动语态根据时态的不同，可分为以下几种类型：一般现在时：am/is/are+done;一般过去时：was/were+done现在进行时：am/is/are+being done过去进行时：was/were+ being done将来时：will/would+be done,be going to be done, b
2、e to be done现在完成时：have/has + been done过去完成时：had+ been done将来完成时：will+have been done2被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态，其时态的变化取决于时间状语，其时态的变化形式由其助动词be的事态变化形式来体现The house is being painted now.（现在进行时被动语态）EruOugh has been said to him about it.（现在完成时被动语态）The furniture was bought last week.（过去时被动语态）YduII be punished one da
3、y.（将来时被动语态）3 .被动语态的意义（1）不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者（无须加buy短语）Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.Football is plated all over the world.（2）突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。History is made by the people.The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.（3）有时主语较长，可后置。Its said that we have won the game.4 .在使役动词makr及感官动词see ,
4、hear.一等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号t。”？The teacher made fbm answer it again.（主动语态，不力口to）Tom was made to answer it again.（被动语态,加to）5 .短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, listen to, take care of ,make use of,depend on, pay attention to. hand in, put on, loo
5、k up, give up）等.6 . be+过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表结构形式。区别是，系表结构表示主语状态或特征，不带by短语；而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。The job was well done.（系表结构）The job was well done by a skilled worker.（被动语态）The composition is well written.（系表结构）The composition is written with great care;.（被动语态）7 .原来主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变为被动语态时，要用形式主语计.It
6、 has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.8 .有一些动词不能用被动语态。break out take place, happen, belong to, cost, suit, fit, have, let, wear, weigh, suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet （遇见），join （参加），fail 等9 .
7、宾语为反身代词时，不用被动语态，只用主动语态形式。The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.10 .有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义。如：happen, pretend, seem, used to, ought to, appear 等。The house used to be painted white.The job has to be done before dark.On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.11 .有些动名词在want, need, require和介词wort
8、h后形式为主动，意义为被动。12 .有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义。如：clean, sell,look, lock, open, write, read, wash,feel 等。This kind of cloth washes easily.These books sell well.（好卖）The door doesnt lock.The door cant open.This pen writes very well.13 .除助动词be可以构成被动语态外，get, become等词也可以+过去分词构成被动意义。She was unhappy because she didnt g
9、et invited to the party.主谓一致。主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数。1 .主谓一致的三个原则。英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。（1）语法一致原则：主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也应采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也应采取复数形式。She is a girl.她是女孩。They are all girls.她们都是女孩。The
10、professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。（教授与作家是同一个人，是单数.）The old are very well taken care of in our city.老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。（the old指所有的老年人，指一类人，为复数概念。）（2）就近原则：谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。There is a book, two pens and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔
11、。There are two pens, a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。Either my sisters or my mother is coming.不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。(3)意义一致原则：主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；或主语形式上是复数，但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式。The police are still running after the murderer.警察还在追杀人犯。The news was very exciting.这则新闻令人激动。My
12、family were watching TV at 7 oclock.7点钟的时候，我们全家人在看电视。My family has moved three times.我们家搬过三次。2.主谓一致的应用。(1)单一主语的情况。单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语，其主语与谓语的一致情况如下：不定代词作主语a.不定代词 either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everythi
13、ng, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数、b. none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。c. neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。Neither of these words is correct.这些单词没有一个是正确的。d. the other two (.), the other three (.)
14、another two(.), both 等作主语时谓语动词用复数、Five people came to help, but another three were still needed.已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个e. all指人时作主语，谓语动词用复数；指全部事情时，谓语动词常用单数All the work was finished.所有的活都干完了All is going well 一切都很正常.f.在 each.and each, every.and every, no.and no,many a. and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词用单数、
15、Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位.Every man and everv woman is at work.每个男人和女人都在工作.No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.很长时间没有听到一点声音Every boy and every girl likes the film star.所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星g. such山作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a g
16、reat deal but achieved so much.这就是史蒂芬加金，遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。Such as have plenty of money want more money.那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。集合名词作主语a.有些集体名词，如people, cattle, police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。b.集合名词，如 audience （观众），army, class, crew 船员），
17、8mpany （公司）， crowd （人群），enemy, family, group, government（政府），public （公众）， population（人口）,team（队员）等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数:若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时，谓语就该用复数。The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.中国人口很多，其中80%的人住在农村;c.有些以-sh,-ese,-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用
18、复数如the English, the Chinese, the French等The English are a polite people.英国是一个礼仪之邦。以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语a.以一 ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用单数.Politics is taught in our school.我们学校开设政治课。b.专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语，形式上即使是复数，谓语动词也要用单数,$11 the United Nations, the United States, the New brk Times 等。Lu Xuns works sells we
19、ll.鲁迅的著作很畅俏。c.有些名词如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（残渣，剩余）,clothes, trousers, belongings （财产），savings, scissor,等作主语，其谓语动词只能用复数形式The family were saved but the belongings were lost.这一家人获救，但损失了所有财产。d. means, sheep ,（leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语，谓语动词根据其单复数而定Each means has been tried to solve the proble
20、m, but none is effective.每一种方法都试过，但没有一个是有效的。含有修饰语的名词作主语a -一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主语,前面若无a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等这类单位词,通常作复数用，谓语动词作复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。His black trousers are too long.他的那条黑裤子太长了。bur gla
21、sses are on your nose.你的眼镜在鼻子上。但若这类名词与a pair连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。This pair of shoes is made in Beijing.这双鞋子是北京制造的。There is a pair of glasses on your bed.你的床上有副眼镜。b. a number of，意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数：the number of意为.的数目”，作主语时，谓语?只能用单数A number of the other plants were found in America.在美洲还发现了许多别的植物。The nu
22、mber of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。c.只修饰可数名词的量词 several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of.)作主语，谓语动词应用复数形式；其修饰的名词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of), lots( of)等词既可修饰可数名词，又
23、可修饰不可数名词，谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定、A lot of students are coming to the meeting.很多学生要来参加这次会议。A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.为了准备会议，还有很多工作要做。(注意a quantity( of),( large )quantities( of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.学校安装设备需要很多钱。A
24、 quantity of story books has been bought for the children.为孩子们买了大量的故事书：e. a great/ good deal( of), a little, quite a little, a large amount( of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词只能用单数形式A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但本应好好利用的f. more than one十单数名词”尽管意义
25、上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语常用复数.More than one person was injured in the accident.不止一人在这次事故中受伤一More members than one are against the proposal.反对这项提议的会员不止一个g. one or two +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.昨天下午有一两个学生在植树h.表示时间
26、、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与pass, go by, waste, use, spend 等词连用时，谓语动词用复数Five years have passed since I joined the Party.我入党五年了i. one or two后接复数名词，谓语要用复数但在“a/an十单数名词+or two”结构之后，谓语却常用单数One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.干这活一两天就够了j. the rest (of.), the remaining, part (
27、of.), one half( of.)等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定Part of his story was not true.他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我们学校部分夕卜籍教师来自加拿大.k.当“几分之几(百分之几)+of+名词”结构作主语时，一般也应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数one and a half +复数可数名词”作主语，谓语一般用单数.This is because two thirds o
28、f the earths surface is made up of vast oceans.这是因为地球表面积的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.这些任务已经完成了三分之。One and a half days is all I can spare.我只能抽出一天半的时间It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌(一般情况下，one in ten作主语和其修饰的名词
29、作主语，谓语动词用单数形式)(2)非谓语形式、从句作主语单独的不定式、动词的一 ing形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式：如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数Persuading him to join us seems really hard.劝他加入我们似乎很难。lb go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是好习惯。To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.虽
30、然工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但是它们永远相伴。that, what, who, which, when, where, why, whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的数That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶Who is Abraham Lincoln?林肯是谁？Who are talking with each other?谁在相互讨论？(3)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致 an
31、d 及 both. and.a.一般来说，两个单数主语用and连接起来，表示两个不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念，谓语动词必须用单数A smile and handshake show welcome.微笑和握手表示欢迎The poet and writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、b.并歹!J主语由 or, either. or., neither. nor., not only.but also.连接时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、数的一致Ether the teache
32、r or the students are to blame.或者是老师,或者是学生要受到责备Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it.不仅仅是学生，还有他们的老师都对此一无所知Neither you nor I am fit for the work.你和我都不适合干这个工作一Are neither you nor I fit for the work?你和我都不适合干这个工作吗？（4）假性主语的主谓一致with,together with （连同），along with （和？?一起），as well
33、 as （也），like （诸如），such as （诸如），as much as, no less than （和?？-样），rather than （而不是），including, besides, but,except, in addition 以除.之外）等短语后的主语称为假性主语，谓语动词仍然根据原主语而定，不跟假性主语一致。The boy with his dog is here.这个男孩在这儿，还有他的狗No one but your parents was there then.那时，除了你的父母没有别人在那里Tom, together with Mary and Alice,
34、 is going to swim this afternoon.汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳The teacher, including his students, is going to see Professor Smith.那位老师和他的学生们将去看望史密斯教授、（5）由there, here引导的主语不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致、There is a lake and some hills around it.它被一个湖和几座刁、山环绕着、（6）定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定，先行词是单数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数，先行词是复数，定语从句中的谓语动
35、词也用复数Those （people） who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper.同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的时光：The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true.今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。(7)在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主语保持一致。On the wall hang some pict
36、ures by Picasso.墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。(8)运算数词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Three times five is fifteen.3乘5等于15Five minus four is one.5减4等于1。Seven times four makes twenty-eight.7乘4等 J ?g(9)表示数量的“one and aha什+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。One and a half bananas is left on the table.桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。One and a half hours is enough 一个半小时足够了。六、知识*
37、能力聚焦1. off prep.& adv.离开，分开(1) prep.The hall rolled off the table.球从桌上滚落Keep off the grass.勿践踏草地He entered a big house off the high street.他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子。The ship sank off Cape Horn.这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了(2) adv.The town is still five miles off%amaN.那小镇尚在五英里之外一We are still some way off.我们仍有一段距离(如距目的地)要走Pleas
38、e tell them that the meeting is olf请告诉他们会议已经取消了。(常用短语)take sth. off sth.扣除,减去fall off 跌落knock sth. off sth.把某物从另一物上.放掉wipe sth. off sth.把某物从另一物上擦掉along the coast 沿着海岸off the coast海岸外/在海上on the coast海岸上/在海岸The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe.不列颠群岛是一组位于欧洲西海岸
39、不远处的岛屿Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River.武汉位于长江边2. face n.脸vt.转向，面向(1) n.Judging from his worried face, we knew that he must have had some trouble.从他焦急的脸色判断，我们知道他肯定有麻烦了.(2) vt.-How does the house face?这房屋面朝哪边？-It faces (to the ) east.朝东。I was faced with new problem.我面临着新的 M 题(常用短语)in( the) face of不顾(
40、问题、困难等)lose ones face失面子，丢脸fight in the face of 公然反抗face the music由于自己的决定或行为而接受批评或承担后果3. range n.&vt.(1) n.山脉，视觉(听觉)范围(区域)，射程There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland.在边境地带有连绵不断的雄伟山脉。The tree is within range of vision.这棵树在视野之内(2) vt.(在一定范围内)变化，排列The prices of the dolls range from $
41、5 to $100.这些布娃娃的价格从5美元到100美元不等The discussion ranged over various problems.这次讨论涉及了种种问题4. design n.&v.(1)n.图样，设计，图案；目的，意向This is a design for the garden.这是那座花园的设计图We dont know if it was done by accident or by design.我们不知道那是偶然的，还是故意的。His evil designs were frustrated.他的罪恶意图未能得逞(2) v.设计，控制She is designin
42、g dresses for the singer.她在为这位歌手设计服装He designed a plot for tits new novel.他为他的新小说拟定情节This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together.这次周末聚会的用意是使两位音乐家见面(常用短语)by design故意地，蓄意地；have designs on/against对抱不良企图，图谋加害于；design stfi. for sb./sth.设计，制图，构思5. influence n.&v.6. )n.影响，支配，作用the
43、influence of the moon on the tides 月球对潮汐的作用These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her.她那些所谓的朋友对她影响很坏He has a strange influence over the girl.他对这个女孩子有一种奇妙的影响Her influence made me a better person.受她的影响，我变好了(2) v.影响，感化The rice crops will be influenced by the weather.稻谷的收成将受到气候的影响It is
44、clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso.她的画显然受至U 毕加索的影响What influenced you to behave like that?是什么支配你那样做的？6. refer vi.(referred, referred, referring)涉及，提到(to)；查资料；参与；针对；提交，交付He referred to pollution in his report last week.上周在报告中他提到了污染问题、The shop referred the complaint to the manufa
45、cturers.商店把投诉转交给制造商refer to意思是提到，谈到，涉及，衣考，查阅refer to sb./sth. as意为称某人/某物为to是介词，不可省略be referred to( as)是refer to的被动式，意思是把称作When f was saying that I wasnt referring to you.我那样说的时候，指的并不是你、The huge clock in London is referred to asBig Ben.伦敦的大钟被称为大本钟”They referred to their friendly teacher as Mot her,他们
46、把和善的老师称为“妈妈”7. compare vt.&vi.比较，对照；比作He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies.作为一个悲剧作家，他无法和莎士比亚相比compare. with意为把与.进行比较/相比”compare. to.意为“把.比作”，含“比喻”之意compare with sb./sth.意为和某人或某事物相比或值得相比Its necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study.学英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行比较Compare this
47、 with that, and youll which is better.把这个同那个比较，你就知道哪个更好了He began comparing himself pith the students.他开始把自己和学生比较起来Ybung people are often compared to the rising still.年轻人常被比作初升的大阳The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose.诗的作者把他的爱人比作玫瑰。注意compare的过去分词作状语时，compared to和compare with在应用上无区别，常被用于句首或句末。This hardship is nothing, compared to/with those the Red Army faced on the Long March.