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1、2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题In 1924 America, s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers* productivity. Instead, the st
2、udies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect*, the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects* behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose whe
3、n 1 ighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment；7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n)8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers* behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometri
4、c the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descript ions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in 1ighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to14interpretation of what happed.1
5、5, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When workstarted again on Monday, output 16 rose compared wi th the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days.18, a comparison with data for weeks when there wasno experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 t
6、o be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect* is hard to pin down.LAaffectedBachievedCextracted2.AatBupCwith3.AtruthBsightCact4.Acontroversi alBperplexingCmischievous氏Arequi rementsBexplanat
7、ionC accounts6.AconcludeBmattercindicate7.Aas far asBfor fear thatcin case that8.AawarenessBexpectationcsentiment9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenough10.AaboutBforConILAcomparedBshownCsubjected12.Acontrary toBconsistent withC parallel withD13.AevidenceBguidanceCimplication14.AdisputableBenlighteningcreliable
8、15.AIn contrastBFor examplecIn consequence16.AdulyBaccidentallycunpredictably17.AfailedBceasedcstarted20.AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingSection IIReading ComprehensionOf allTJ u TJ u TJ u TJ TJ u u TJ 11 TJ u TJ TJ u TJ DDDDDDDDDDD UDDDDDD rL rL rL rL rL rL rL rL rL rL rL c rL rL rL rL rL rLrestored o
9、ff proof ambiguous assessments work so long as illusion abundant by conveyed ar to source misleading As usual suddenly continued hittingthe changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the pastquarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in th
10、e scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of c
11、riticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their 1 earned contents were once deemed sui table for publication in genera1-circu1ation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper revie
12、ws published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major p
13、apers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,1 ike George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,
14、and were proud to be published in the dai ly press.So few authors have brai ns enough or 1 it erar y gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,“ Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define journal ism， as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.Unfortunately,
15、 these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England* s foremost classical-music critic
16、s, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus s crit
17、icism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21
18、. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper revi
19、ewsin England before World War II were characterized byTJ TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rL23.Which of the following wouldShaw and Newman most probably agree on?free themes.casual style, elaborate layout, radical viewpoints.u TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLIt is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.It
20、 is contemptible for writers to be journalists. Writers are 1ikely to be tempted into journalism. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appea1 to readers today.B His reputation as a
21、music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Deciine of JournalismD Prominent Critic
22、s in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are cal led business methods. A received one for its one-click“ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now t
23、he nation, s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectua-property lawyers abuzz the U. S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would us
24、e a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It *has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.*Curbs on business-method claims would
25、 be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent fi1ings, initially b
26、y emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing
27、that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment fi1ms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The
28、 BiIski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by al 112 of the court, s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it sho
29、uld “reconsider its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuitt s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last Apri1, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for *
30、inventions* that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court*, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their l
31、imited value to businessB their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?1J TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLIts ruling complies with the court decisionsIt involves a very big busi
32、ness transactionIt has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit It may change the legal practices in the U. S.28. The word about-face”(Line 1, Para 3) most probably meansA loss of good willB increase of hostilityC change of attitudeD enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that
33、business-method patentsJ TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLare immune to legal challengesare often unnecessarily issued lower the esteem for patent holders increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?J TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLA looming threat to business-
34、method patents Protection for business-method patent holders A legal case regarding business-method patents A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwel 1 argues that social epidemics are driven m large part by the acting of a tiny minority o
35、f special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory calle
36、d the two step flow of communication*： Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them
37、. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal
38、evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required
39、 of all.The researchers, argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities 1 ike Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primari 1 y a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont t
40、interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and col leagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then i
41、nfluence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on J and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has 1 i ttle to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for ex
42、ample from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won* t propagate very far or affect many people.BuiIding on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulat ing a number of variables relating of populat
43、ions, manipulat ing a number of variables relating to people, s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades*- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few i
44、nfluentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easi 1 y influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is availab
45、le to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemicsB discuss influentials* function in spreading ideasC exemplify people* s intuitive response to social epidemicsDJ describe the essential characteristics of in
46、fluentials.32. The author suggests that the two-step-flow theory*TJ TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLserves as a solution to marketing problems has helped explain certain prevalent trends has won support from influentials requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed rece
47、ntly shows thatu u u TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLthe power of influence goes with social interactions interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media influentials have more channels to reach the public most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase these people in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoTJ TJ TJ TJ A B c D rL rL rL rLstay outside the network of social influence have little contact with the source of influence are influenced and then influence others are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential elem