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1、第九饼时态一、英语各种时态构成表一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在playplaysisamareplayinghashaveplayedhashavebeen playing过去playedwaswere playing had played had been playing将来shallwillplayshallwillbe playingshallwillhave playedshallwillhave been playing过去将来shouldwouldplayshouldwouldbe playingshould would have been playedshouldwou
2、ldhave been playing二、一般现在时1 .构成用动词原形，第三人称单数有变化。基本变化规则是：一般情况加“-s”，以辅音加“y”结尾的词把V改为“i”，再加“-es”（但元音加“y”结尾的则直接加“-s”）,以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的词加-es： be动词的变化形式是is , am, areo2 .功能1）表示习惯的、永久性的或反复发生的动作（常同often , sometimes, usually, always, twice amonth, every week , on Sundays, occasionally, normally , generally
3、, weekly, now and then ,every so often , as a rule, rarely 等状语连用）Birds f ly .鸟会飞。He seldom eats meat.他很少吃肉。I never sit up late into the night,我从不迟睡。She always takes a walk in the evening .她常在晚间散步。2）表示特征、能力或现时的情况或状态She loves music ,她喜欢音乐。Contradictions exist everywhere .矛盾处处存在。He doesn.t speak French
4、 .他不会讲法语。She lives in a villa at the foot of the hill.她住在山脚下的一座别墅里。3）表示普遍真理、事实，也用在格言中The earth moves round the sun .地球绕太阳转。Water boils at 100.水的沸点是100oNo man but errs.人非圣贤，孰能无过。大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）493二、一般现在时Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。Spring follows winter.冬天过后就是春天。A bird in hand is worth two in the b
5、ush .一鸟在手胜似二鸟在林。A stitch in time saves nine .小洞不补，大洞吃苦。Time and tide wait for no man .时不待人。4）在由 when, if, after, before, although , as , as soon as , the minute, the next time, whether, because,even if, in case, though , t川，until , unless , so long as , where, whatever, wherever 等弓I导的表示时间、条件、比较等状语从句
6、中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时L.ll tell her when she comes tomorrow ,她明天来的时候我会告诉她的。You will surely succeed i f you try your best,功夫不负有心人。I shall tell her the minute she gets here .I shall have a good time whether I win or lose .In the future I shall do as she says .The earlier you leave, the earlier you.11 be ther
7、e .The next time you come, he will be a grown-up .Whatever happens , you should keep cool-headed .I shall go where you go .Note:表示原因、结果、程度、目的等的状语从句，一般不可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。比较：She is so badly injured that she probably dies .（误）She is so badly injured that she will probably die .（正）在下面几种句子中，用一般现在时和一般将来时均可：L
8、et.s see who f inishes （或 will finish） the work first.He.11 be on the same train as you are（或 will be）.She will perhaps come earlier than you do（或 will）.5）表示现在瞬间一般现在时可以用来描述动作的完成与说话的时间几乎是同时的这种情况，常用于体育运动的实况报道，戏法表演，技术操作表演等的解说词。例如：Demonstrator（示范者）:Now I put the cake mixture into this bowl and add adrop
9、 of van川aessence .I declare the meeting open .Now, look, I open the box .As I write, the war has broken out.(= At the time of writing)6)表示过去时间一般现在时可以用来表示不确定的过去时间，只限于为数不多的动词，如：hear,tell, say,forget等；也可穿插现在进行时等来叙述往事，以增加描写的生动性和真实感,亦称作历史现在时。例如：That is long, long ago .I hear he has come back from Japan .
10、Jane tells me you are entering college next year.Julia says you told her to buy the book .朱莉娅说你让她买这本书的。Oh , I forget what he said .我忘了他的话了。Last week I am in the sitting- room with my wife when this chap next door staggers past 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书494第九讲时态and in a drunken fit throws a brick through our wind
11、ow .比较：They tell me that you.ve agreed to it.（用一般现在时，强调现在的事实或结果）They told me you.ve agreed to it.（用一般过去时，强调未指明的过去时间）7）表示将来时间一般现在时可用于指将来时间，表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，或者事先安排好的动作。能这样使用的动词有：be, arrive, begin , come, start , depart , end, leave, go, sail, stop , return , dine, finish, open, close 等。例如：A:When does
12、he leave for the city ?B: He leaves next week .The meeting begins at 2:00 in the afternoon and ends at 5:00.会议在下午两点开始，五点结束。Is there a film tonight ?今晚有电影吗？I write my paper tomorrow .Tomorrow is Christmas Day .明天是圣诞节。They meet at supper.When does the ship sail ?船什么时候起航？She retires next month .How lon
13、g does he stay ?The plane takes off at eight and arrives in Beijing at eleven .飞机八点起飞，十一点到达北京。Note: suppose, assume, know, decide等后的宾语从句，一般现在时可表示较近的将来。例如：I hope that you spend the summer here with us .I suppose you don.t do the work until next month .Tomor row at this time we.11 know who is elected
14、.They will meet to decide who speaks at the meeting .Assuming it rains tomor row, what shall we do ?设想明天下雨怎么办？.另外，一般现在时和现在进行时都可以表示将来；但前者多表示非个人的计划，指按时间安排将发生的事，而后者则一般表示说话人自己打算要干什么。比较：I leave tomor row .( a plan not necessarily made by me)I am leaving tomor row .(I have decided to leave .)比较下面的不同时态:Tom
15、or row is Sunday .（日历的规定）Tomor row will be Sunday .（单纯未来）Are you free this evening ?（随便问问）Will you be free this evening ?（语气认真：如果有空，可否.）8）在新闻标题、小说章节标题或小说、电影、戏剧情节介绍和幻灯、图片的说明中，常用一般现在时U.S. President holds talks with British Prime Minister,美国总统同英国首相举行会谈。American Ambassador leaves Beijing .I Have a Chanc
16、e（小说的章标题）大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）495三、现在进行时At rise, the stage is dark. It is two thirty in the morning .（舞台说明）Bank Robbery: Robbers take $10,000.银行劫案：匪徒抢走一万美金。9）用来表示强硬语气、严厉警告或指点道路You f inish the work before ten o.clock tomorrow .You mind your own business .Either he leaves or you leave .If he does that agai
17、n , he goes to prison .You take the first turning ahead, then cross a bridge and you see the city library .10)代替现在完成时动词 learn, hear, see, understand , read, forget 等表示已知，已忘”时，可用一般现在时代替现在完成时；it be +时间+ since .结构可用一般现在时代替现在完成时。例如：I forget( have forgotten) her name .I understand(= have understood) what
18、 he wants .It is(= has been) ten years since she moved here .11)用于延续性动词或静态动词，表示持续状态、心理活动、爱憎、知觉等The cont ract holds good ,合同有效。John loves nature .The material f eels soft.I don.t owe anything to anybody .12)表示仍旧有影响的已故人物的言行或状态，或引用书面材料Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the deve
19、lopment of species .Shakespeare is the author ofHamlet”.Confucius regards sex as human ,孔子视性为人之常情。Chaucer writes that love is blind .乔叟写道，爱情是盲目的。Nietzsche advocates the doctrine of Will to Power,尼采宣扬权力意志论。 Shelly says,If winter comes , can spring be far behind ?“雪莱说:“冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”13）用于定语从句或宾语从句中表示将来
20、这时，主句常用一般将来时。例如：Let.s see who gets there first.He will give you anything you ask for.Anyone that comes will be warmly welcome .She won.t forgive anyone who steals flowers in her garden .A quar rel will arise as to who rules the country .Anyone who does it will get a gift.14）一般现在时与一般过去时的连用有时候，在同一个复合句
21、中，会出现一般现在时和一般过去时连用的现象，这是因为所取的时间点不同。例如：As the city does not have many enter taining places to go, we treated the foreign friends tosome real Chinese food .（从句用一般现在时does not have表示这个城市长期的客观情况，一般过去时treated则表示过去的某次行为动作）三、现在进行时新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书496第九讲时态1 .构成is（ am, are）+现在分词2 .功能1）表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事The kettle i
22、s boiling. Shall I make tea ?壶开了，沏点茶好吗？Is the sun shining ?出太阳了吗？lt.s blowing hard .风挺大。It is snowing outside .外面在下雪。Here comes the bus !（习惯用法）The bus is coming .车开过来了。（强调现在的情景）2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事She is learning English at college .她目前在大学里学英语。He is taking physics this semester.John is losing his hai
23、r.约翰近来脱发了。I am taking the medicine three times a day .How often is she attending the class ?She is generally going to bed at 11.3）表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或结束的动作常用的这类动词有：go, leave, come, arrive, land , meet , move, return, start , stay, stop, do,dine, give, have, pay, join , punish , spend , sleep,
24、 take, change, fly, work, wear, see, lunch ,play等。例如：He is meeting the manager tomorrow .他明天要跟经理见面。I am publishing a book this year.我计划今年出一本书。l.m changing my hotel.我打算换旅馆。Imagine l.m seeing the Mona Lisa .你想想啊我终于要见到蒙娜丽莎这幅画了。The sun is setting .太阳就要落山了。（即将开始）She is dying ,她奄奄一息了。（即将结束）l.m going .我要走了
25、。（较近的将来）When are you starting ?你什么时候动身？（较近的将来）比较：When you pass by the shop, please drop in .（任何时候）When you are passing by the shop , please drop in .（将来某时）Note:现在进行时表示将来有时含有“决心”的意思。例如：l.m not leaving tomor row .我明天不走了。l.m not staying with you .我不同你在一起了。L.m taking part in it.我也要参加。When I grow up, l.m
26、 f lying to the moon ,我长大了要飞到月球上去。4)动作动词的进行时与always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表示重复的动作，这种动作可能使人感到厌倦或觉得不合情理，有时表示赞赏、满意lt.s always raining here ,这里老是下雨。Jim is always coming late for class .汤姆总是上课迟到。She is always scolding me .她总是没完没了地数落我。大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版)497三、现在进行时He is perpetually inter f erin
27、g in my affairs .他老是干预我的事。She.s constantly changing her mind ,她老是改变主意。The man is always boasting ,那人老爱吹牛。She.s always helping others .她总是爱帮助别人。5) care, mind等表示感觉、精神活动等的状态动词不用于进行时(1)有些表示感觉、感情、情绪、精神活动、拥有关系等的动词，一般不用于进行时态，常见的这类动词有：understand, remember, wonder, cost, have, resemble, exist, appreciate,car
28、e, desire, fear , detest , hate, like, love, mind, want , know, hope, wish , agree, believe, expect, forget, appear （显得），mean , perceive, realize, recognize, recollect, concern, consist,matter , seem, signify （意指）,respect , think （认为）,please （快乐）,need, intend（意欲）,forgive（宽恕）,differ （不同于），prefer, des
29、pise （轻视），dislike, adore（爱慕）, represent（代表）,result （导致）,stand（位于）,remain（停留）,own（拥有），look（看似）,lie（位于），hold（持有），contain（包含），depend on, belong 等。例如：She is resembling her mother.（误，改为 resembles）I am knowing he is wrong .（误，改为 know）.但是要注意，上述某些词在表示无意识的动作时，不能用于进行时态，而表示有意识的动作时，又可以用于进行时态。比如“ see”这个动词，作为“看见”
30、解时是无意的动作,不能用于进行时态，但作为“接见、访问、处理等解时，又可以用于进行时态，在谈到“看电影、戏剧”时，也可以用于进行时态。例如：Do you see the rainbow ?你看见彩虹了吗？（无意）The manager is seeing the applicants this morning .经理今天上午约见求职的人。（有They are now seeing the city ,他们正在这座城里游览。（有意）Don.t wor ry, I am seeing you home .不要担心，我会送你回家的。(有意)I am seeing a lot of John in t
31、he campus .我常在校园里看到约翰。(重复的动作) They are seeing an English film now .他们在看一部英语电影。(=watching) He.s seeing the doctor now .他现在在看医生。The students are hearing the lectures .( are attending)The nurse is minding the baby .(is looking after)It weighs 50 kilos .它重达50公斤。He is weighing himself now .他在量体重。She meas
32、ures 70 centimet res round the waist.她的腰围量起来70厘米。She is measuring the hall,她在测量这个大厅。She heard the bird sing .她听见鸟鸣。She is hearing a case .她在审理一个案子。(=is judging)The students are hearing a lecture .学生们在听讲座。(attend)I am not hearing as well as I used to .我现在的听力不如从前了。(听觉)She hates him .她恨他。She is hating
33、him .看得出她恨他。(=showing visible signs of hating him)She f eels wor ried .她感到担心。She is f eeling for the way out.她在摸索着出去的路。(=is groping for)She smells t rouble .她感到出问题了。She is smelling the flower.她嗅着花。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书498第九讲时态She doesn.t mind it,她不介意这件事。She is minding the baby ,她在照看婴儿。（=is looking after）She
34、 doesn.t care f or red ,她不喜欢红色。She is caring f or the wounded .她在照顾伤员。（=is taking care of）She appears happy .她看上去很高兴。She is appearing on the platform .她出现在讲台上。She has a new car,她有一部新车。Her words are having a bad result .她的话正产生一种坏的效果。（=are producing）She holds half share in the firm ,她拥有该公司的一半股份。She is
35、 holding a book in her hand .她手里拿着一本书。The music sounds sweet,这音乐听起来很美。（状态）Why is the driver sounding his horn ?那个司机为什么按喇叭？（动作）The oranges taste nice .这桔子味道不错。（状态）He.s tasting the tea .他在品尝茶。（动作）What do you think of the book ?你觉得这本书怎么样？（看法）What are you thinking about ?你在想什么?（思维,思考）He looks good-humou
36、red .他看上去很幽默。（状态）He.s looking about for a new house .他在寻找一处新房子。He f its the post.他适合这个职位。He is f itting together a lot of parts .他在把许多零件装配在一起。The town lies near the lake .这座小城位于湖边。Some people are lying under the tree .一些人在树下躺着。A piano stands against the wall ,靠墙有一架钢琴。He is standing on a rock .他站在一块岩
37、石上。The hut sits in the middle of the forest.小屋位于森林的中部。Some birds are sitting on the wires .一些鸟停在电线上。.另外，某些非延续性动词也不可用于进行时，常见的这类动词有：admit , decide, end, allow（允许），refuse, consent （答应），permit , receive, determine （决心），resolve （解决），deny,promise, accept, complete 等。例如：He is denying that he has seen the w
38、allet.（误，改为 denies）（2）状态动词用于进行时，表示某种思想、情绪、行为反复发生，且含有厌恶、烦躁、赞叹等感情色彩，常同 always , forever, continually, constantly 等连用。例如：She is always doubting my words .她总是怀疑我的话。He.s f orever imagining dangers that don.t exist.他老是想象一些并不存在的危险。He is always thinking of doing more for the people ,他总是想着要为人民多做些事。He is alwa
39、ys losing his keys .他老是丢钥匙。He is continually reminding me of what I owe him .他老是提起我欠他的钱。（3）状态动词用于进行时，可以强调某一具体时间的特殊状态，或某种暂时的心理状态或活动，亦表示某种感情、认识、思维的发展过程。有时表示“刚刚开始”的含义。例如：The soup is tasting better now ,这汤现在尝起来不错。（强调与刚才的汤不同）She.s understanding you better now .He.s f inding that the man is difficult to d
40、eal with .（渐渐发现）l.m remembering her more and more .我慢慢记起她了。大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）499三、现在进行时Having settled in now, l.m liking my new work very much .Things are looking a little worse .1.1. forgetting my English .我的英语开始忘了。Food is costing more .食品贵起来了。Jane is resembling her mother more and more .珍妮长得越来越像她妈妈了
41、。It seems as if I am knowing him for the first time .（真正了解）That is mattering less to me ,那对于我更无关紧要了。Something is wrong with her eyes . She is seeing double .（两个影子）You.re proving a different person .你看起来像换了一个人。American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realizethat
42、our proper role in the world is changing .Note:某些心理状态动词可以表示“差一点，几乎”的含义，相当于nearly, on the point ofo例如：She was believing what the scoundrel said .她差点儿听信了那个恶棍的话。I am forgetting that I have read the book .我差点忘了曾读过那本书。(4)一些表示愿望的动词如desire, long, wish, want等以及表示爱憎好恶的动词如 like,love, dislike, hate等，可用进行时表示强烈的
43、感情色彩。例如：A: How are you liking Nanjing ?你觉得南京如何？(初步印象)B: Why ! I.m simply loving her.哦！我简直爱上她了。He was wishing to see her again .Are you f earing to see her ?6) be的进行时系动词be的进行时加动态形容词表示暂时出现的某种情况或品质。其特点是:主语通常是人，偶尔也可以是拟人化的事物；后接动态形容词，有时也接分词；这种结构为一修辞手法，起强调作用，多含讽刺、厌烦、不满等意，尤指主语的故意装模作样，有时也表示人们一时的行为。常用的这类形容词有：
44、good, gentle, careless , foolish, hasty, nice, slow, tidy,witty, wicked, thoughtful , shy, naughty, greedy, faithful , careful, calm, loyal , enthusiastic,kind, sensitive, talkative, untidy, brave, dull , generous , rude, suspicious , unfaithful, t roublesome,stupid, reasonable, jealous, disagreeabl
45、e, awkward , attentive, cruel , funny , impatient,patient, timid, stubborn , noisy, friendly, clever 等。例如：You are being foolish .你在办蠢事。（平时并不糊涂）He is being quite helpful to us .他现在对我们有很大帮助。（平时并无帮助）The boy is being naughty .这孩子又淘气了。The car is being difficult.这回这汽车真难对付。She is being friendly today .她今天很
46、友好。（做出“友好的举止，也许内心并不真诚）He is being modest.他现在表现得很谦虚。（只是做做样子）He is being a nice boy today .他今天真是一t1好孩子。She is being polite to you ,她只是故意对你友好而已。I know l.m being selfish .我知道我这样做是自私的。l.m being serious .我是说正经的。You are not being polite .你这可不大客气呀。I think you are being unfair.我想你不够公平。（不满）He thought he was b
47、eing a capable man .他认为自己是一个很能干的人。（讽刺）新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书500第九讲时态You.re being annoying ,你真烦人。You are being very patient with him .你对他真耐心。He was being terribly energetic .他当时非常积极。You were being stupid .你当时真傻气。（=behaving stupidly）He was being always fault-finding ,他总是吹毛求疵。（厌烦）l.m not being hard on anybody . L.m being reasonable .我这样做不是对谁苛刻，我是理