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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。微生物学microbiology-微生物学microbiology病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinativebacteriology系统细菌学systematicbacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学generalmicrobilogy微生物分类学microbialtaxonomy微生物生理学microbialphysiology
2、微生物生物化学microbialbiochemistry微生物遗传学microbialgenetics微生物生态学microbialecology古微生物学paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学soilmicrobiology水生微生物学aquaticmicrobiology海洋微生物学marinemicrobiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medicalmicrobiology兽医微生物学veterinarymicrobiology农业微生物学agriculturalmicrobiology工业微生物学industrialmicrobiology石油微生物学
3、petroleummicrobiology食品微生物学foodmicrobiology乳品微生物学diarymicrobiology瘤胃微生物学rumenmicrobiology诊断微生物学diagnosticmicrobiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会InternationalUnionofMicrobiologicalSocieties,IUMS中国微生物学会ChineseSocietyforMicrobiology,CSM世界培养物保藏协会WorldFederationforCultureCollection,WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会ChinaCommi
4、tteeforCultureCollectionofMicroorganisms,CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所AmericanTypeCultureCollection,ATCC自然发生说，无生源说spontaneousgeneration,abiogenesis原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical
5、taxonomy模式目typeorder模式科typefamily模式属typegenus模式种typespecies模式株typestrain真菌fungi捕食真菌predaciousfungi虫道真菌ambrosiafungi地下真菌hypogealfungi虫生真菌entomogenousfungi菌根真菌mycorrhizalfungi木腐菌wood-decayfungi霉菌mold,mould半知菌imperfectfungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slimemold,slimemould壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidio
6、mycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cupfungi块菌truffles锈菌rustfungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonousmushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenousyeasts有孢子酵母菌sporogenousyeasts黑粉菌smutfungi双态性真菌dimorphicfungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfectfungi黑粉病smutdisease锈病rustdisease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerialmycelium基内菌丝体subst
7、ratemycelium球拍状菌丝体racquetmycelium结节状菌丝nodularmycelium梳状菌丝pectinafemycelium螺旋菌丝spiralmycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondarymycelium有隔菌丝septatehypha无隔菌丝nonseptatehypha生殖菌丝体reproductivemycelium营养菌丝体vegetativemycelium不育菌丝体sterilemycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favicchandeliermycelium产囊丝ascogenoushypha产囊体ascogonium原植体t
8、hallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphalbody盾状体clypeus子实体fruitingbody产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphalfragment菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium菌环annulus菌裙indusium菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium锈菌性孢子器pycnium锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cy
9、stidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germpore芽管germtube芽缝germslit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid孢子外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza
10、内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscularmycorrhiza刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子
11、球sporeball孢子印sporeprint聚簇cluster菌丝融合anastomosis孢子切落abjunction孢子缢断abstriction多态现象polymorphism缢缩作用constriction粉孢子oidium孢子spore掷孢子ballistospore厚壁孢子chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子bl
12、astospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium小分生孢子microconidium节分生孢子arthroconidium芽分生孢子blastoconidium器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore锈菌性孢子
13、pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore锈孢子aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore,aeciospore冬孢子teliospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢子囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium休眠孢子囊hypnosporangiu
14、m子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicateascus单囊壁子囊unitunicateascus双囊壁子囊bitunicateascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp接合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子hete
15、robasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogameta
16、ngium原配子囊progametangium小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞footcell脚胞footcell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clampcell锁状联合clampconnection偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心c
17、entrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖parasexuality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangialcopulation交配型matingtype全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus,telium夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成sporulation细菌bacteria薄壁细菌类gracilicutes硬壁细菌类fermicutes
18、疵壁细菌类mendosicutes无壁细菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria放线菌actinomycetes螺旋菌spirilla粘细菌slimebacteria鞘细菌sheathedbacteria柄细菌caulobacteria弧菌vibrio根瘤细菌rootnodulebacteria硫酸盐还原菌sulfatereductingbacteria硫细菌sulfurbacteria铁细菌ironbacteria紫色无硫细菌purp
19、lenonsulfurbacteria产甲烷菌methanogen硝化细菌nitrobacteria反硝化细菌denitrifyingbacteria固氮细菌nitrogenfixingbacteria甲基营养菌methylotrophicbacteria产乙酸菌acetogen同型产乙酸细菌homoacetogenicbacteria光合作用细菌photosyntheticbacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producingacetogenicbacteria同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentativelacticbacteria异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentati
20、velacticbacteria产氢菌hydrogenogens产气菌aerogen不产气菌anaerogen发光细菌luminousbacteria产色细菌chromogenicbacteria化能异养菌chemoheterotrophicbacteria化能自养菌chemoautotrophicbacteria光能异养菌photoheterotrophicbacteria光能自养菌photoautotrophicbacteria化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophicbacteria化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophicbacteria光能有机营养菌photoorgan
21、otrophicbacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophicbacteria有机营养菌organotrophicbacteria无机营养菌lithotrophicbacteria贫营养细菌oligotrophicbacteria一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophicbacteria自养菌autotrophicbacteria异养菌heterotrophicbacteria光养菌phototrophicbacteria需氧菌aerobe微需氧菌microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelantbacteria厌氧菌anaerobe兼性厌氧菌facultativean
22、aerobe专性厌氧菌obligateanaerobe溶原性细菌lysogenicbacteria腐生菌saprophyticbacteria苛求菌fastidiousmicroorganism极端细菌extremebacteria嗜压菌barophilicbacteria嗜盐菌halophilicbacteria嗜铁菌siderophilicbacteria嗜高渗细菌osmophilicbacteria微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilicbacteria嗜冷细菌psychrophilicbacteria嗜酸菌acidophilicbacteria嗜硫菌thiophilicbacteria
23、中温菌mesophilicbacteria耐热细菌thermophilricbacteria氢营养菌hydrogenotrophicbacteria肠道细菌intestinalbacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体bacteriosome微生子gonidium蓝细菌cyanobacteria蓝细菌连锁体hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome静息孢子akinete滑行gliding异形囊胞heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar血清型serotype血清变型serovar致病型pathotype致病变型pathov
24、ar生物型biotype生物变型biovar形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positivebacteria革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negativebacteria球菌coccus双球菌diplococcus四联球菌tetrads八叠球菌sarcina球杆菌coccobacillus杆菌rod双杆菌diplobacillus棒状菌corynebacteria细菌毛状体trichome单鞭毛菌monotricha周鞭毛菌peritricha丛鞭毛菌lophotricha两端单鞭毛菌amphitrichate单端丛鞭毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌gl
25、idingbacteria细菌L-型L-formofbacterium菌落colony酵母型菌落yeasttypecolony类酵母型菌落yeastlikecolony次生菌落secondarycolony粗糙型菌落roughcolony光滑型菌落smoothcolony丝状型菌落filamentoustypecolony子菌落daughtercolony深层菌落deepcolony粘液型菌落mucoidcolony巨大菌落giantcolony侏儒型菌落dwarfcolony菌苔lawn菌胶团zoogloea菌膜pellicle菌醭mycoderm,pellicle群游现象swarming菌
26、柄stipe菌体附器appendage鞭毛flagellum周质鞭毛periplasmicflagella轴丝axialfilament菌毛pilus性丝sexpilus外生孢子exospore内生孢子endospore芽孢spore芽孢形成sporulation终端芽孢terminalspore近端芽孢subterminalspore中生芽孢centralspore前芽孢forespore芽孢皮层cortex芽孢外膜exitine芽孢内膜intine外壁exine伴胞晶体parasporalcrystal菌蜕ghost鞘sheath荚膜capsule粘液层slimelayer微荚膜micro
27、capsule壁膜间隙periplasmicspace原生质体protoplast原生质球spheroplast气泡gasvacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体mesosome载色体chromatophore鞭毛基体flagellarbasalbody异染质volutin异染粒matachromaticgranules致死颗粒killerparticle紫膜purplemembrane噬菌体bacteriophage无囊盖类inoperculatae超显微微生物ultramicroscopicorganism真菌噬菌体mycophage噬藻体phycophage烈性噬菌体vi
28、rulentphage温和噬菌体temperatephage前原噬菌体preprophage原噬菌体prophage隐性前噬菌体crypticprophage营养期噬菌体vegetativephage载体噬菌体carrierphage噬菌体lambdaparticlesphage可诱导噬菌体induciblephage同源免疫噬菌体homoimmunephage噬菌体分型bacteriophagetyping噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar噬斑plaque噬菌体聚合头部polyhead噬菌体聚合尾鞘polysheath噬菌体伞毛fimbrium噬菌体颈须whisker噬菌体
29、先导蛋白pilotprotein噬菌体尾丝抗原fiberantigen噬菌体顶体apex噬菌体基片插孔base-platehub噬菌体基片丝base-platefibril噬菌体基片楔突base-platewedge噬菌体串联体concatemer噬菌体颈部collar噬菌体顶部壳粒apicalcapsomere噬菌体尾丝tailfiber噬菌体畸形体monster噬菌体颈圈connector噬菌体髓部core噬菌体头部head噬菌体尾部tail噬菌体尾管tailtube噬菌体尾鞘tailsheath类病毒viroid病毒virus真病毒euvirus亚病毒subvirus原病毒proviru
30、s拟病毒virusoid卫星病毒satellitevirus假型病毒pseudotypevirus慢病毒slowvirus辅助病毒helpervirus过客病毒passengervirus多分体病毒multicomponentvirus昆虫痘病毒entomopoxvirus,EPV颗粒体症病毒granulosisvirus,GV多角体病毒polyhedrosisvirus核型多角体病毒nuclearpolyhedrosisvirus,NPV质型多角体病毒cytoplasmicpolyhedrosisvirus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒multipleembeddedvirus单粒包埋型病毒sing
31、lyembeddedvirus伴随病毒associatedvirus浓核病毒densovirus,DNV内源病毒endogenousvirus潜伏病毒latentvirus肠道病毒enterovirus艾柯病毒ECHOvirus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒adenovirus腺伴随病毒adenoassociatedvirus真菌病毒mycovirus肿瘤病毒oncovirus逆转录病毒retrovirus坏死病毒necrosisvirus虹彩病毒iridovirus泛嗜性病毒pantropicvirus毒株strain原生小体elementarybody包含体inclusionbody顾氏
32、小体Guarnierisbodies内氏小体Negrisbody病毒粒体virion裸露病毒粒体nakedvirion假病毒体pseudovirion立体对称cubicalsymmetry二十面体对称icosahedralsymmetry螺旋对称helicalsymmetry病毒五邻体pentomer,pentons病毒六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称complexsymmetry包膜突起peplomerbody包膜envelope,peplos蛋白质包膜proteinenvelope病毒包膜抗原envelopeantigen病毒壳体capsid病毒壳粒capsomer,capso
33、mere二十面体壳体icosahedroncapsid核心core核壳nucleocapsid病毒原质体viroplasma病毒束virusbundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白polyhedrin颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin类核nucleoid内含颗粒inclusiongranuleX体X-body病毒早期蛋白earlyprotein病毒晚期蛋白lateprotein负链negativestrand正链positivestrand复制子replicon病毒发生基质virogenicstroma衣原体chlamydia衣原体始体initialbody立克次氏体ric
34、kettsia假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖peptidoglycan磷壁酸teichoicacid胞壁酸muramicacid2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinicacid,DPA脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白flagellin菌毛蛋白pilin杀白细胞素leucocidin豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻青素cyanophycin藻蓝素algocyan,leucocyan藻胆素phycobilin藻红胆素
35、phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycingranule别藻蓝素allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素carotenoids细菌淀粉粒granulose聚羟基丁酸盐poly-hydroxybutyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcalproteinA,SPA纯化蛋白衍生物purifiedproteinderivative,PPD葡萄球菌凝固酶staphylocoagulase细胞溶素-lysin淀粉酶-amylase通透酶permease胞内酶intracellularenzyme胞外酶extracellularenz
36、yme果胶酶pectinase逆转录酶reversetranscriptase凝固酶coagulase受体破坏酶receptordestroyingenzyme,RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶cellulase链道酶streptodornase,SD链激酶streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶penicillinase溶菌酶lysozyme细菌紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin细菌叶绿素bacteriochlorophyll自溶素autolysin亲菌素bacteriotropin攻击素agg
37、ressin抑殖素ablastin粘附素adhesin菌红素bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素prodigiosustoxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素lepromin葡萄球菌素staphylococcin伞菌氨酸agarfitine苏云金菌素thuricin肠球菌素enterococcin布氏菌素brucellin大肠菌素colicin,colicine丁香假单胞菌素syringacin黄色粘球菌素xanthacin链球菌素streptocin流产菌素abortin绿脓菌素pyocyanin红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescei
38、n白喉毒素diphtheriatoxin杯伞素clitocybine白细胞溶素leucolysin表皮溶解毒素epidermolytictoxin产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin肠毒素enterotoxin毒蝇碱muscarine肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin鬼笔毒环肽phalloidin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin肺炎链球菌溶血素pneumolysin黑粉菌酸ustilagicacid分枝菌酸mycolicacid齿孔酸eburicoicacid根霉促进素rhizopin蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinicacid红斑毒素erythrogenictoxin黄曲霉毒素a
39、flatoxin菌丝酰胺mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素staphylolysin真菌毒素mycotoxin曲霉毒素aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸kojicacid破伤风菌痉挛毒素tetanospasmin溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin破伤风菌溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin溶血素hemolysin鼠疫菌素pesticin神经毒素neurotoxin杀细菌素bactericidin外毒素exotoxin内毒素endotoxin细菌毒素bacteriotoxin血凝素hemaggluti
40、nin杂色曲霉素AversicolorinA柄曲霉素sterigmatocystin毒植物素phytotoxin真菌醇mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素exfoliativetoxin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein放线菌土臭味素geosmins土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin产甲烷作用methanogenesis生物转化bioconversion生长因子growthfactor420因子factor420V因子VfactorX因子Xfactor辅酶McoenzymeM微量营养micronutrient特需营养要求型idiotroph微量动力作用o
41、ligodynamicaction抗代谢物antimetabolites索状因子cordfactor异株克生物质allelopathicsubstances光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养photoorganotrophy化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy光营养phototrophy兼性营养amphitrophy腐生营养saprophyticnutrition甲基营养methylotrophy化能营养chemotrophy自养autotrophy光能自养photoautotrophy化能自养chemoautotro
42、phy半自养mesotrophy异养heterotrophy氮平衡nitrogenbalance碳平衡carbonbalance磷平衡phosphorusbalance同化作用assimilation异化作用dissimilation氨化作用ammonification硝化作用nitrification反硝化作用denitrification固氮作用nitrogenfixation非共生固氮作用asymbioticnitrogenfixation光同化作用photo-assimilation巴氏效应Pasteureffect葡萄糖效应glucoseeffect种间分子氢转移interspeci
43、esHtransfer发酵fermentation发酵能力fermentationcapacity可发酵性fermentability同型发酵homofermentation异型发酵heterofermentation厌氧消化anaerobicdigestion厌氧呼吸anaerobicrespiration厌氧生活anaerobiosis需氧呼吸aerobicrespiration需氧生活aerobiosis反馈抑制feedbackinhibition内源变量endogenenousvariable异养潜能heterotrophicpotential溶菌丝作用hypholyticaction
44、溶菌作用bacteriolysis费氏溶菌现象Pfeiffersphenomenon自溶现象autolysis裂殖schizogenesis芽殖budding二分分裂binaryfission不等分裂unequalfission断裂fragmentation复分裂multiplefission隐蔽期eclipseperiod比生长速率specificgrowthrate同步生长synchronousgrowth双峰生长曲线diauxiegrowthcurve延滞期lagphase一步生长曲线onestepgrowth时间-存活曲线time-survivalcurve倍增时间doublingtime