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1、Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN.Gregory Mankiw经济学原理经济学原理（第三版）第三版）1 INTRODUCTION 导言导言 Ten Principles of Economics经济学十大原理经济学十大原理Chapter 1Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Economy.经济经济 .The wor
2、d economy comes from a Greek word for“one who manages a household.”经济经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人管理家庭的人”。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：uWho will work?谁去工作？谁去工作？uWhat goods and how
3、many of them should be produced?应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：uWhat resources should be used in production?应该用什么资源生产？应该用什么资源生产？uAt what price should the
4、goods be sold?物品的销售价格应该是多少？物品的销售价格应该是多少？Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Society and Scarce Resources:社会和稀缺资源：社会和稀缺资源：The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。源的管理就很重要。Harcourt,Inc.items and
5、 derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Scarcity.稀缺稀缺.means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Ha
6、rcourt,Inc.Economics 经济学经济学Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.经济学经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科。缺资源的学科。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Economists study.经济学家研究经济学家研究 uHow people make decisions.人们如何作出决策人们如何作出决策uHow people interact
7、with each other.人们如何与他人相互交易人们如何与他人相互交易uThe forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.影响整体经济的力量和趋势影响整体经济的力量和趋势Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of EconomicsPeople face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational pe
8、ople think at the margin.People respond to incentives.How People Make DecisionsHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.经济学十大原理经济学十大原理人们面临权衡取舍人们面临权衡取舍某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西理性人考虑边际量理性人考虑边际量人们会对激励作出反应人们会对激励作出反应人们如何作出决策人们如何作出决策Harcourt,Inc.items and derived item
9、s copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of EconomicsTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.How People Interact with each otherHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Ha
10、rcourt,Inc.经济学十大原理经济学十大原理贸易可以使每个人状况更好。贸易可以使每个人状况更好。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。人们如何与他人相互交易人们如何与他人相互交易Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of EconomicsThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise
11、when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole worksHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.经济学十大原理经济学十大原理一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。
12、的能力。当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。取舍。影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.人们面临权衡取舍人们面临权衡取舍“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”天下没有免费的午餐天下没有免费的午餐Harcourt,Inc.items an
13、d derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.To get one thing,we usually have to give up another thing.u Guns v.butteru Food v.clothingu Leisure time v.worku Efficiency v.equityMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived ite
14、ms copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.人们面临权衡取舍人们面临权衡取舍为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。大炮大炮 vs.黄油黄油 食物食物 vs.衣服衣服 休闲休闲 vs.工作工作 效率效率 vs.平等平等 作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.uEffic
15、iency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.uEquity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v.EquityHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.1.人们面临权衡取舍人们面临权衡取舍u效率效率 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最社会能从其稀
16、缺资源中得到最多东西的特性多东西的特性。u平等平等 社会资源的经济成果在社会成社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性员中公平分配的特性。效率与平等效率与平等Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.uWhether to go to college or to wo
17、rk?uWhether to study or go out on a date?uWhether to go to class or sleep in?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.某东西的成本就是为得到它某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西所放弃的东西作出决策时需要比较可供选择的作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益行动方案的成本与收益u上大学还是去工作上大学还是去工作?u学习还是出去约会学习还是出去约会?u去上课还是睡觉去上课还是睡觉?Harcourt,Inc.item
18、s and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.机会成本机会成本为了得到某种东西所为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。必需放弃的东西。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright
19、 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.2.The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.当预期在四年之内赚得上千
20、万当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant）决决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟球联盟（NBA）。）。2.某东西的成本就是为得到它某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西所放弃的东西Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.3.Rational people think at the margin理性人考虑边际量理性人考虑边际量Marginal changes are small,incremental
21、 adjustments to an existing plan of action.边际变动边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.4.People respond to incentives.uMarginal ch
22、anges in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.uThe decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.4.人们会对激励作出反应人们会对激励作出反应u成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作成本或收益的边际改变会激
23、励人们作出反应。出反应。u当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的。别的。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.5.Trade can make everyone better off.uPeople gain from their ability to trade with one another.uCompetition results in gains from trading.uTrade allo
24、ws people to specialize in what they do best.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.5.贸易能使每个人状况变好贸易能使每个人状况变好n人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中获益。中获益。n竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益。竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益。n贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的工作。工作。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Har
25、court,Inc.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.uA market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.uhouseholds decide what to buy and who to work for.uFi
26、rms decide who to hire and what to produce.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法u市场经济市场经济当许多企业和家庭在当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。们的分散决策配置资源的经济。u家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。u企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。Harcourt,I
27、nc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an“invisible hand.”Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harc
28、ourt,Inc.6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法亚当亚当.斯密提出了全部经济学中最斯密提出了全部经济学中最有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只只“看不见的手看不见的手”所指引，导致了所指引，导致了合意的市场结果。合意的市场结果。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic acti
29、vity.uBecause households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell,they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.uAs a result,prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived
30、 items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法u由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。u结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果。的结果。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright
31、 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果政府有时能改善市场结果Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.市场失灵市场失灵市场本身不能市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。有效配置资源的情况。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.7.Governments can s
32、ometimes improve market outcomes.政府有时能改善市场结果政府有时能改善市场结果When the market fails(breaks down)government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.当市场失灵时，政府可以对市场进行当市场失灵时，政府可以对市场进行干预以促进干预以促进效率效率和和平等。平等。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes imp
33、rove market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果政府有时能改善市场结果Market failure may be caused by an externality,which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.市场失灵的一个可能原因是市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性。外部外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by
34、Harcourt,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may also be caused by market power,which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.7.政府有时能改善市场结果政府有时能改善市场结果市场失灵的另一个可能原
35、因是市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市市场势力。场势力。市场势力是指一个人或市场势力是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。的能力。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.8.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:uBy comparing personal incomes.uBy compa
36、ring the total market value of a nations production.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力物品与劳务的能力生活水平生活水平 可以用不同的方式衡量可以用不同的方式衡量:u比较人均收入。比较人均收入。u比较一个国家产出的总的市场价值。比较一个国家产出的总的市场价值。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Har
37、court,Inc.8.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力物品与劳务的能力 几乎所有生活水平的差异都可以归几乎所有生
38、活水平的差异都可以归因于各国因于各国生产率生产率的差别。的差别。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.8.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Higher productivity Higher standard of livingHarcou
39、rt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力物品与劳务的能力生产率生产率 是指一个工人一小时所生产是指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。的物品与劳务量。高生产率高生产率 高生活水平高生活水平Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.9.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Infl
40、ation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.uOne cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.uWhen the government creates large quantities of money,the value of the money falls.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.9.当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升
41、当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升通货膨胀通货膨胀 是指经济中物价总水平是指经济中物价总水平的上升。的上升。u通货膨胀的一个原因是货币量的增长。通货膨胀的一个原因是货币量的增长。u当一个政府创造了大量本国货币时，货当一个政府创造了大量本国货币时，货币的价值就下降。币的价值就下降。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.10.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The Phillips Curve i
42、llustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线菲利普斯曲线 说明了通货膨胀与失业之说明了通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍间的短期权衡取舍:通货膨胀通货膨胀 失业失业这是短期权衡取舍。这是短期权衡取舍。
43、Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Summary 内容提要内容提要uWhen individuals make decisions,they face tradeoffs among alternative goals.当个人决策时，在不同的目标之间面临当个人决策时，在不同的目标之间面临权衡取舍。权衡取舍。uThe cost of any action is measured in terms of foregone opportunities.任何一种行为的成本用所放弃的机会来任何一种行为的
44、成本用所放弃的机会来衡量。衡量。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Summary 内容提要内容提要uRational people make decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.理性人通过比较边际成本与边际收益作出理性人通过比较边际成本与边际收益作出决策决策。uPeople change their behavior in response to the incentives they face.人们对所面临激
45、励的反映就是改变他们的人们对所面临激励的反映就是改变他们的行为。行为。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Summary 内容提要内容提要uPeople can benefit by trading with each other.贸易可以是互利的。贸易可以是互利的。uMarkets are usually a good way of coordinating trades.市场通常是协调贸易的一种好方法。市场通常是协调贸易的一种好方法。uGovernment can potentially i
46、mprove market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is inequitable.如果存在市场失灵或者市场结果不平等时，如果存在市场失灵或者市场结果不平等时，政府有可能改善市场结果。政府有可能改善市场结果。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.SummaryuProductivity is the ultimate source of living standards.uMoney grow
47、th is the ultimate source of inflation.uSociety faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.内容提要内容提要u生产率是生活水平高低的最终生产率是生活水平高低的最终根源。根源。u货币货币增长是通货膨胀的最终根增长是通货膨胀的最终根源。源。u社会面临着通货膨胀与失业之社会面临着通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。间的短期权衡取舍。Harco
48、urt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Thinking Like an Economist像经济学家一样思考像经济学家一样思考Chapter 2Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Every field of study has its own terminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvector spacesPsychologyegoidcognitive dissonan
49、ceLawtortsvenuesPromissory estoppelHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.每个研究领域都有自己的语言每个研究领域都有自己的语言数学数学公理公理积分积分向量空间向量空间心理学心理学自我自我本我本我认知的认知的不一致性不一致性法律法律侵权行为侵权行为案发现场案发现场约定的禁止翻约定的禁止翻供供Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Every field of study
50、has its own terminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticityConsumer SurplusComparative advantageOpportunity costDeadweight lossHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.每个研究领域都有自己的语言每个研究领域都有自己的语言经济学经济学供给供给需求需求弹性弹性消费者剩余消费者剩余比较优势比较优势机会成本机会成本无谓损失无谓损失Harcourt,Inc.items and derived i