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1、第第8 8讲 定定语从句从句2021/8/11 星期三1 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as等；关系副词：where,when,why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。2021/8/11 星期三2 例例如如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have
2、 read.(that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。)关系词指代人或物以及在定语从句中充当的成分2021/8/11 星期三3关系词指代人或物定语从句中充当的成分关系代词that人或物主语、宾语、表语或状语which物或主句内容主语、宾语或定语who人主语或宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语as人或物或主句内容主语或宾语关系副词when时间状语where地点状语why原因状语2021/8/11 星期三4 4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行
3、词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“的”。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。2021/8/11 星期三5 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother,who is now a lawyer,always encourages him to go t
4、o college.他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)2021/8/11 星期三6一、关系代词的使用一、关系代词的使用【例句观察】【例句观察】She is the woman(whom/that/who)I wanted to see yesterday.她是我昨天想看的那个女的。The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。2021/8/11 星期三7 Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009,
5、which we hadnt expected.Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。2021/8/11 星期三8【例句分析】【例句分析】whom/that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语，可以省略。which/that指物，在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语，可以省略。which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略。whom前有介词to，虽
6、然作宾语，但不能省略。2021/8/11 星期三9【结结论论1】关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。2021/8/11 星期三10【完成例句】【完成例句】(1)我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的。I,who am your close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2)哈利波特是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一。Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenage
7、rs.哈利波特是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书。Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire.2021/8/11 星期三11(3)他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。He has passed the exam,which makes us surprised.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.(4)每家有台电视,30年前我们认为是不可能的，现在实现了。To o
8、wn a TV set in each family,which we think was impossible 30 years ago,now has become true.2021/8/11 星期三12【结论【结论2】定语从句中的主谓一致问题(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。(2)one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词；而the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数动词。(3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关
9、系代词的指代。2021/8/11 星期三13【完成例句】【完成例句】(5)所有能做的都做了。All that can be done has been done.(6)这就是我想要买的电影。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(7)他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(8)站在那儿的是谁？Who is the man that is standing there?2021/8/11 星期三14(9)They have
10、set up a company,which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.他们创立了一家环保公司。(10)杭州不再是过去的杭州了。Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.2021/8/11 星期三15【结结论论3】指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,the one,none,all,much,few,any,little等不定代词时，只用that。当先行词被t
11、he only,the very,all,much,few,any,little,no修饰时，只用that。当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。先行词既有人又有物时，只用that。2021/8/11 星期三16当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。2021/8/11 星期三17【完成例句】【完成例句】(11)那棵四百年的老树很有名。The tree,which is four hun
12、dred years old,is very famous here.(12)我们自给自足。We depend on the land from which we get our food.(13)这本书是关于我们要去参观的那座有名的建筑吗？Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit?2021/8/11 星期三18【结论【结论4】只能用 which的情况：引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。介词后只用which，且不能省略。有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个
13、宜用which。2021/8/11 星期三19【完成例句】【完成例句】(14)有人愿意帮助受伤的人吗？Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?(15)这就是那位帮助在事故中受伤的人的医生吗？Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?【结结论论5】指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况：当先行词是anyone,those时，只用who。有两个定语从句皆指人时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。20
14、21/8/11 星期三20【完成例句】【完成例句】(16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.【结结论论6】whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose 名词 of which 名词 名词 of which。2021/8/11 星期三21【完成例句】【完成例句】(17)我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。As we all know,smoking is harmful to ones health.
15、太阳照射地球，这对我们是很重要的。The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.(18)她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.这不是我们想到的那所房子。This house is not such as I expect.(19)就像我们指出的那样，这种物质是有毒的。As was pointed out,this kind of substance is poisonous.2021/8/11 星期三22【结论【结论7】关系代词as和which 在非
16、限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以在插入句中，常带有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。2021/8/11 星期三23 as常用于以下固定搭配中：the same名词as“和同样的”，such名词as“像一样的，像之类的”，such as“这样的人/物”。(such为代词，作先行词；as在从句中作宾语)在以下结构中，一般也用as:as(it)appears,as(it)seems,as(it)oft
17、en happens,as(it)was pointed out/said/reported/announced,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as is wellknown,as is known to all,as anybody can see等。2021/8/11 星期三24【完成例句】【完成例句】(20)这就是我一直在找的书。This is the book which/that/不填I am looking for.(21)他深爱对他慈爱的父母。He loved his parents deeply,both of whom ar
18、e very kind to him.He loved his parents deeply,of whom both are very kind to him.2021/8/11 星期三25(22)我没有足够的钱去买那条昂贵的裙子。I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.(23)从1998年到2004年Mike在这所大学学习，在此期间，他学习很努力并当选为学生会主席。Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2004,during which time
19、he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.2021/8/11 星期三26【结结论论8】“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which。某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of,look for,look after,care for等。“介词关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者
20、数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。2021/8/11 星期三27 介词which/whomto do结构。这种结构可以改为：介词which/whom定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which 名词”结构，相当于and in/at/during this/that名词。2021/8/11 星期三28二、关系副词的使用二、关系副词的使用【完成例句】【完成例句】(24)我仍然记得我们第一次上学的那天。I still remember the day when/on which we first came to the
21、 school.(25)十年前我住的房子已经被推倒了。The house where/in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(26)我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。I dont know the reason why/for which he looks unhappy today.2021/8/11 星期三29【结论【结论1】关系副词的分类和作用when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when表示时间的介词(in/at/on/during)which。where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where表示地点的介词(in/
22、at/on/under)which。why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，why表示原因的介词(for)which。2021/8/11 星期三30【翻译句子】【翻译句子】(27)他回答这个问题的方式是令人惊讶的。The way in which/that /不填he answered the question was surprising.(28)The way which/that he explained to us was quite simple.【结结论论2】在以the way为先行词的定语从句中，若the way 在从句中充当状语，则通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可
23、以省略。若the way 在从句中充当宾语，则通常由which或that引导。2021/8/11 星期三31【完成例句】【完成例句】(29)中国是风筝的起源地，并从那里传播到日本、韩国、泰国和印度。China is the birth place of kites,from where kites spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.【结结论论3】有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where/when前加上介词to,from等。2021/8/11 星期三32【疑难】【疑难】There is one point that we must insist
24、 on.有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point，所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。(定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk,故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which。)20
25、21/8/11 星期三33【疑疑难难剖剖析析】一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity，scene及 period,festival,occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语用that/which，作状语用where/when/介词which。2021/8/11 星期三34三、关系代三、关系代/副词的选择技巧副词的选择技巧【完成例句】【完成例句】(30)我会记住我们一起度过的日子。I will remember the days that /which /省略 we spent together.(根据把定语从句还原成we spent t
26、he days together，判断出the days作spent的宾语)(31)6月7日是我们开始高考的日子。June 7 is the day when/on which we begin to take the college entrance examination.2021/8/11 星期三35 (根据把定语从句还原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day，判断出on the day作状语。)(32)这是他工作过10年的地方。This is the place where/in which he wo
27、rked for ten years.(根据把定语从句还原成he worked in the place for ten years，判断出in the place作状语。)2021/8/11 星期三36【结论】【结论】用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它做什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词which；作定语时，用whose。2021/8/11 星期三37四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系【例句观察】【例句观察】He is such a good boy that eve
28、ryone likes him.(不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)他是如此好的一位男孩以至于大家都喜欢他。He is such a good boy as everyone likes.(likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句)他是一个大家都喜欢的男孩。The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others.(as充当eats的主语，并引导定语从句)大白鲨是大多数鱼都吃的一种凶狠的鱼。2021/8/11 星期三38【结结论论】区别such/soas引导的定语从句和such/sothat引导的结果状语从
29、句判断用that还是as,只要看从句的结构是否完整即可。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。2021/8/11 星期三39【疑难【疑难1】区别非限制性定语从句与并列句 He wrote a lot of novels,none of _ were popular.Its the same with his wife.She wrote some plays,but none of _ was a success.A.these;them B.which;which C.those;which D.which;them【疑疑难难剖剖析析1】此题应选 D。很容
30、易误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of没有并列连词(说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of前有一并列连词but(说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them)。2021/8/11 星期三40【疑难【疑难2】区别定语从句与名词性从句As is known to all,the moon travels around the earth.It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.That the moon travels around the earth i
31、s known to all.What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.2021/8/11 星期三41【疑难剖析【疑难剖析2】as引导非限制性定语从句；it作形式主语，that引导主语从句；that引导主语从句；what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。2021/8/11 星期三42【疑难【疑难3】区别定语从句与地点状语从句When you read the book,youd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.When
32、you read the book,youd better make a mark where you have any questions.Please put the book in the place where you got it.Please put the book where you got it.【疑疑难难剖剖析析3】定语从句修饰place;地点状语从句；定语从句修饰place；地点状语从句。2021/8/11 星期三43【疑难【疑难4】区别定语从句与强调句、状语从句It was this small village(that/which)we got to know eac
33、h other.It was in this small village that we got to know each other.It was 1914 when the war broke out.It was in 1914 that the war broke out.It was 1914,when the war broke out.【疑疑难难剖剖析析4】定语从句；强调句；时间状语从句；强调句；非限制性定语从句。2021/8/11 星期三44【疑难【疑难5】定语从句中含有插入语He made another wonderful discovery,which I think is of great importance to science.The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China,which,I dare say,will benefit the people there,especially those who are still leading a poor life.【疑疑难难剖剖析析5】I think作插入语；I dare say作插入语。2021/8/11 星期三452021/8/11 星期三46