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1、新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 1大学英语核心语法及长难句精讲班主讲：刘晓峰欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材引言：引言：1.为什么学语法？为什么学语法？语法（英语：Grammar）是指任意自然语言中控制子句、词组以及单词等结构的规则。2.怎么学语法？怎么学语法？at table at the table in prison in the prison at school at the school out of question out of the questionWe have been roasting the chicken for over 30 years.
2、 I really cant imagine how crisp it will be.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 2第一章第一章 动词概述动词概述一、谓语动词一、谓语动词1. 英语时态英语时态The first president of the US was George Washington, the second was John Adams, the third was Thomas Jefferson, and the sixteenth was Abraham Lincoln. Who is the president of the US? A. George Washin
3、gton B. Abraham Lincoln C. Thomas Jefferson D. None of the above某一时间某一动作所呈现的状态。我们学英语。 我们学过英语。 我们在学英语。 我们将学英语。一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesis/am/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing过去didwas/were doinghad donehad been doing将来will dowill be doingwill have donewill have been doing过去将来would studywould be doin
4、gwould have donewould have been doing一般现在时1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率频率的的时间状语时间状语连用。连用。时间状语：every , sometimes, at , on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning, twice a week.我每天早晨 7 点离开家去学校，一周两次。2) 客观事实，普遍真理。客观事实，普遍真理。The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。Shanghai lies in the east
5、of China. 上海位于中国的东部。3) 表示格言或警句中表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 3注意：注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much. 我不想那么多。Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak we
6、ll.Ann Wang 的英文写得很好但说得不好。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.现在我在杯子里放了糖。I am doing my homework now.（含义：我正在做我的家庭作业。 ）注：用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。5) 主将从现主将从现 主句用将来时，从句用现在时表将来主句用将来时，从句用现在时表将来 I will tel
7、l you when Li Ming comes.（含义：当李明来的时候我会告诉你。 ） Ill e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing.（含义：我一到北京就发电子邮件给你。 ）注：一般从句为时间状语从句由 When as soon as.引导的从句 ，条件状语从句由 If.引导的从句 。6) 表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go 等。The meeting begins at seven. 会议七点开始。一般过去时1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存
8、在的状态。）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。Where did you go just now?（含义：你刚才去哪里了？）2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.（含义：当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球。 ）Whenever the Browns went during their
9、 visit, they were given a warm welcome.（含义：布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈的欢迎。 ）新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 43) 句型：句型：It is time for sb. to do sth.“到某人做某事时间了”；“某人该了”It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了”；“早该了”It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”Id rat
10、her you came tomorrow.（含义：我宁愿你明天来。 ）4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some.（含义：我以为你想要一些。 ）比较：比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着。)Mrs. Darby
11、 lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去。)注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1) 动词动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。等。Did you want anything else? 你还有什么事吗？I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我个忙。2) 情态动词情态动
12、词 could, wouldCould you lend me your bike? 你能借给我你的自行车？3) used to / be used toused to + do. “过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. 妈妈过去不是这样健忘。Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步过去常常散步)be used to + doing 对已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to 是介词，后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet. 他习惯于素食。Sca
13、rf is used to taking a walk. (现在习惯于散步现在习惯于散步)典型例题：- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 5A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant答案（A）：本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。一般将来时1)shall 用于第一人称，常被用于第一人称，常被 w
14、ill 所代替。所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first? 我应该先读哪一段？Will you be at home at seven this evening? 你今晚七点在家吗？2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? 你打算明天干什么？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month. 该活动在下个月举行
15、。c. 有迹象要发生的事。Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了。3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六将讨论这份报告。4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.他要去北京。注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。be going to
16、/ will用于条件句时，be going to 表将来will 表意愿：If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅行，你最好尽快准备好。Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服，我们将在镜子前为你穿上新衣服。be to 和和 be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人
17、指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)明天下午我要去踢足球。 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 6Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The trai
18、n leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus start? 汽车什么时候开？It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后。2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是 will come),ask him to wait for me. 当
19、比尔来了，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 当我到达那里时，我会写信给你。4）在动词）在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。等后。I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得愉快。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.在离开房间前要确保窗子都关闭。用现在进行时表示将来意为：“意图”、 “打算”、 “安排”，常用于人。常用词为 come,
20、go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。Im leaving tomorrow. 我明天就要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。比较一般过去时与现在完成时比较一般过去时与现在完成时1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的
21、是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 7yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, just now 具体的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning tonight, this April now, once, before, already, recently, lately现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up
22、to now, in past years, always不确定的时间状语:3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有：come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。举例：I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了。 ）I have seen this film. 我已经看过这部电影。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。 ）Why did
23、 you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。 ）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。 ）She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years. 他在团中已经三年。(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years. 他连续三年为一个团内的成员。(是团员的状态可持续)He joined th
24、e League three years ago. 他三年前入团。(三年前入团，joined 为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White？-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his par
25、ents last night.用于现在完成时的句型用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second timethat结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 82）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This
26、 is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题:(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选 B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even
27、, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent recei
28、ved his letter for almost a month.One in six. Believe it or not, thats the number of Americans who struggle with hunger. To make tomorrow a little better, Feeding America, the nations largest domestic hunger-relief organization has chosen September as Hunger Action Month. （2012-6）Today, given the jo
29、b losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households.（2012-6）2. 语态语态我们晒太阳。 我们晒衣服。被动语态结构： be + -ed新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 9二、非谓语动词二、非谓语动词1.英语句型英语句型简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词） ；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。 两类系动词：be 动词；一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, tas
30、te, smell 等。 并列句：一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构，中间用一些连接词连接起 来的句子。并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。 连接词： 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 10（1）并列关系句型： 连接词有 and, as well as, either or, neither nor, not only but alsoe.g.: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. （2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有 bute.g
31、.: It has no mouth, but it can talk. （3）对比关系的并列句型：e.g.: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.练习：2009 年 6 月阅读Cerlings team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.（简单句）Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces
32、of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. （并列句）简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。2.非谓语使用条件非谓语使用条件英语句子不能没有谓语动词，简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。如果一个简单句出现两个或 者两个以上动词，充当谓语的只能有一个动词，其余的用非谓语动词形式表达。非谓语动词的使用条件：一句话中至少有两个动词，且其中一个已经充当了谓语。He wants to go for a walk. He bought a watch made in Japan. Passing her window, he heard Lucy play
33、ing the piano.3.非谓语动词三时性非谓语动词三时性非谓语动词三种基本形式：动词不定式, -ing, -ed。关系主要表现在时间的联系上。The man stopped working. The man stopped to work.Passing her window, he heard Lucy playing the piano. He wants to go for a walk. He bought a watch made in Japan.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 114.-ing 形式及其短语用法形式及其短语用法-ing 形式的非谓语动词可以单独使用，也
34、可以加上一些词构成一个-ing 短语。词性上讲，-ing 形式的非谓语动词相当于名词或者形容词。 Seeing is believing. The sleeping boy is Tom. The boy sleeping under the table is Tom.修饰语位置：做定语修饰名词时，单独一个-ing 形式的非谓语动词通常放在被修饰名词前； 如果是-ing 短语修饰名词，则只能放在被修饰名词之后。此外，ing 短语还可以单独使用，通常用逗号与句子分开，在句中充当状语。Hearing the news, she burst into tears. Hearing the news,
35、 tears were rolling down her cheeks. （错误）-ing 形式的非谓语动词四个特点： (1)与谓语动词之间是共时关系 (2)与被修饰名词之间是主动关系 (3)单独使用时，-ing 短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的语法主语一致 (4)介词后面的动词需变为-ing 形式5.-ed 形式及其短语用法形式及其短语用法从词性上讲，-ed 形式的非谓语动词相当于形容词。The broken glass lies on the floor. The glass broken by Tom lies on the floor.-ed 形式的非谓语动词短语可以单独使用，常用逗号与句子
36、分开，在句中充当状语。Injured in a car accident, he was sent to a hospital in the neighborhood.-ed 形式的非谓语动词四个特点： (1)与谓语动词之间是先时关系 (2)与被修饰名词之间是被动关系 (3)单独使用时，-ed 短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的语法主语一致 (4)介词后面的动词需变为-ing 形式新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 126.动词不定式用法动词不定式用法从词性上讲，不定式相当于名词或形容词。 He wanted to see a film.不定时短语具有“后时性”。 不定式短语的被动形式： 显性被动：t
37、o be ed He is the person to be blamed for the delay of the work. Mary is not an easy boss to be pleased.隐形被动： He is to blame for the delay of the work. Mary is not an easy boss to please.如果不定式动词是及物动词，但后面没有宾语，这就构成了不定式的隐性被动。第二章第二章 基本句法基本句法一、一、 英语句型的种类英语句型的种类1. 按谓语动词类别分按谓语动词类别分主系表 主谓（宾） There beCommon
38、cold is a viral infection. The boys are very happy.The company started its business three years ago. This medicine works well.There are many books on the table. There exist many unsolved problems.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 132. 按谓语动词数量分按谓语动词数量分简单句 并列句 主从句High markups, however, do not in themselves guarantee
39、big profit. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising and more. The very high temperatures attained in a nuclear explosion result in the formation of an extremely hot intense mass of gas called a fireball.二、二、 定语从句定语从句1. 基本构成基本构成名词（代词）+引导词+（主语）+谓语+其他Those who cannot disting
40、uish between colors are known as color-blinded. This is the story that/which he told us. He bought me a table，which stands there. 2. 变体形式变体形式当定语从句的引导词在从句中充当宾语时，可以省略。 The person you met in the hallway just now is my boss. Tom is reading a book he borrowed from the library. 阅读练习： A control box fitted
41、to the car contains a mini-cell phone, a micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系统) satellite positioning receiver. （06.6）She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. （06.6）Interest
42、in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (长久的) personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent.（06.6 旧）It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the
43、country.（07.12）新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 14Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. (07.12)18. W: You had a job interview yesterday, didnt you? How did it go?M: Not too bad,
44、 I guess. There were about 20 candidates competing for the sales managers job. And finally it was down to three of us, but the other two seemed better qualified.Q: What does the man imply?A) He is confident he will get the job.B) His chance of getting the job is slim.C) It isnt easy to find a qualif
45、ied sales manager.D) The interview didnt go as well as he expected.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 09.12 汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。When the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader (who is) familiar with the state government, a major
46、source of the universitys budget. 科罗拉多 大学董事会在遴选新校长时，想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人，因为州政府是学校的主 要资金来源。09.12Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. 职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的 一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。三、三、 特殊句型特殊句型1. 强调句强调句1用形容
47、词“very”, “single”等表示强调。 e.g.: You are the very person Im looking for.你就是我要找的那个人。Red Army fought a battle on this very spot 红军就在此地打过一仗。 Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon 今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。 2用反身代词表示强调。 e.g.: I myself will see her off at the station 我将亲自到车站为她送行。 You can do it wel
48、l yourself 你自己能做好这件事情。3用助词“do/does/did+动词原形”表示强调。 e.g.: The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then she does catch a cold 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 15那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。Do be quiet. I told you I had a headache 务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。4用“.and that”, and those”等结构表示强调。e.g.: They fulfilled the task and that in a few days 他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。 I gave her some presents, and those the day before yesterday 前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。5用双重否定结构表示强