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1、大学英语高级I：大学学术英语College English Advanced Level I:English for General Academic PurposesLecture 11.2:Lecture 11.2:Linking Ideas in a TextLinking Ideas in a TextWhat is Unity and Coherence?uni-:(Latin prefix)oneUnity:Only one main idea could be discussed in a text.cohere:(Latin verb)stick togetherCoheren
2、ce:Ideas are logically connected.Coherence Occurs on Two Levels01.01.within a paragraph 02.02.between paragraphsFour Cohesive Devices0203e.g.01Reference words and phrasesRepetition of key words Parallelism04Transition signals There are four ways to achieve coherence:There are four ways to achieve co
3、herence:1.Reference words and phrases e.g.l Because our culture expects a man to earn money,his salary is often connected to his self-esteem.He,as well as friends and family,may equate its size with his success.Examples of Reference Words and Phrasespersonal pronounshe/she/it/they possessive pronoun
4、shis/her/hers/their/theirsobjective pronounsher/him/themindicative pronounsthis/that/these/thoseother phrasesthe former/the latter/the first/the second2.Repetition e.g.The male gender role is a complex one to fulfill.It is true that males are likely to enjoy many advantages.They usually earn more th
5、an women.However,men do experience some disadvantages throughout their lives.3.Transition SignalsMen have many advantages in life,but they also face a number of challenges,including conflicting expectations and biological disadvantages.e.g.PurposeExampleAdditionand,also,including,moreover,furthermor
6、e,in additionTimefirstly,secondly,finally,before,after,nextExamplefor example,for instance,such as,in particularReasonbecause,since,for this reason,due to,owing toResultso,thus,therefore,consequently,as a result,subsequentlyComparisonboth,similarly,in the same way,equally,the same asContrast but,how
7、ever,although,by comparison,in contrast,on the other handSummaryto conclude,to sum up,in brief,in short,in summaryA List of Some Common Transitional Signals According to Purpose e.g.l In the past,women did not have the right to vote,to go to school,to borrow money,to own property,or to work in certa
8、in occupations.4.Parallelism Many researchers have tried to find out why this difference in life expectancy is so persistent.Some have suggested that mens lives are more stressful because of the pressure to provide for their families.Other suggestions are that men tend to participate in more dangero
9、us activities.They are more competitive,and they take more risks.As a result,they are more likely to have accidents or experience violence.In addition,men are more likely to have unhealthy habits,such as smoking and drinking,which may shorten their lives.Many researchers have tried to find out why t
10、his difference in life expectancy is so persistent.Some have suggested that mens lives are more stressful 1.because of the pressure to provide for 2.their families.Other 3.suggestions are that 4.men tend to participate in more dangerous activities.5.They are more competitive,and 6.they take more ris
11、ks.7.As a result,8.they are more likely to have accidents or experience violence.9.In addition,10.men are more likely to have unhealthy habits,11.such as smoking and drinking,which may shorten 12.their lives.1.transitional signal(because of-showing reason)2.reference pronoun(their)3.repetition with
12、different form of word(suggest-suggestion)4.repetition with same word(men)5.reference pronoun(they)6.reference pronoun(they)7.transitional signal(as a result-showing result)8.parallelism(.are more likely to have.)9.transitional signal(in addition-showing addition)10.parallelism with similar sentence
13、(.are more likely to have.)11.transitional signal(such as-showing example)12.reference pronoun(their)1.Every good paragraph has both unity and coherence.l discussing only one idea in a paragraph.2.You can achieve unity by l always staying on the topic in your supporting sentences.3.You can achieve coherence by using the four cohesive devices:0203e.g.01Reference words and phrasesRepetition of key words Parallelism 04Transition signals 谢谢观看Thanks