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1、(夸张）A limerick(五行打油诗）There was a Young Lady whose chin,Resembled the point of a pin;So she had it made sharp,And purchased a harp,And played several tunes with her chin.Edward Lear（1812-1888）A limerick There was a Young Lady whose chin,Resembled the point of a pin;So she had it made sharp,And purcha
2、sed a harp,And played several tunes with her chin.A Book of Nonsense五行打油诗少妇长个尖下巴，活像针屁股往外插，找人磨了再打造，把架竖琴买回家，下巴拨弹几首曲儿耍。胡诌书陆谷孙 译:definition“exaggeration”or“overstatement”.“the speakers description is stronger than iswarranted by the state of affairs described”.Geoffrey N.Leech,Principle of Pragmatics bi
3、gger,better,more exciting,more dangerous emphasis and effect 言过其实、夸大其辞 夸张手法是人们从主观出发，有意识地把事实夸大，故意言过其实，以达到强调或突出的一种修辞手法。它偏重于情感，而不太注重事实，表达得比实际事情更大、更好、更高、更危险等，具有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等功用。examples Hyperbole is rife:everyday speech,literature,comedy acts,talk shows advertisements etc.(1)Its so hot you could fry an egg o
4、n the sidewalk today.(2)Im so hungry I could eat a horse.(3)Her hair is so short she could stand on her head and her hair wouldnt touch the ground.(4)Your father is so low he has to look up to tie his shoes.(5)Everyone bowed including the westerners.After three days in Japan,the spinal column become
5、s extraordinarily flexible.大家在日本都要鞠躬，西方人也不例外。在日本待三天，脊椎就会变得异常灵活。(6)Ive been working my fingers to the bone.忙得脚打后脑勺/喘气的功夫都没有。(7）Miss Li went straight home a flood of tears.(noun)(8)Its a crime to stay inside on such as a beautiful day.(noun)(9)Here the wealth was beyond computation,beyond imagination.
6、(prep.phrases)(10)I am the happiest man in the world.(superflative）(11)havens seen you for ages.（numerales)(12)He nearly exploded with indignation.(verb)（1）poetry As fair art thou,my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will love thee still,my dear,Till a the seas gang dry.Till a the seas gang dry
7、,my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun:.(Robert Burns，1794，A Red.Red Rose).(2)Stories If there was a dog-fight,hed bet on it;if there was a cat-fight,hed bet on it;Ifthere was a chicken-fight,hed bet on it.Why,if there was two birds setting on afence,he would bet you which one would fly first;if he
8、even see a straddle-bug start to go anywhereas,he would bet you how long it would take him to getto.if you took him up,he would foller(follow)that straddle to Mexico but whathe would find out where he was bound for and how long he was on the road.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavaras County”,by
9、Mark Twain 如果斗的是狗，他赌；斗的是猫，他赌；斗的是鸡，他还赌；嘿，就算有两只鸟落在篱笆上，他也要跟你赌哪一只先飞；要是他看见一只屎克螂朝哪里开步走，他就跟你赌它几天才能到不论到哪儿都行；只要你接茬，哪怕是去墨西哥，他也会跟着那只屎克螂，看看它到底去不去那儿，路上得花几天的时间。“卡拉瓦拉县的跳蛙”，马克吐温（3）Folktales Well now,one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward andall the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue.
10、Late at night,itgot so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard.People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking aboutthe night before.Babe the Blue Ox,a folktale retold by S.E.Schlosser http:/ Salon Please dont flirt with a lady who comes out of the house
11、.she may be your grandmother.An ad for a flower shop Todays shop sells roses atthe lowest price and can even buy a few flowers for your wife.If ads use hyperbole properly,they can impress theaudience to buy,buy and buy.But the use of exaggerationas an artistic tool to attract is not the same as exag
12、geratingthe functions of the products.If the products dont workas well as the ads describe,it is near telling lies to deceivethe audience.Hyperbole distort the facts intents:not to deceive purpose:to emphasize to convey emotions to show humor,sarcasm.Lies distort the facts to deceive purpose:peronsa
13、l gains Arguments against Hyperbole hyperboles are for young men to use.Hyperboles show vehemence of character,and this is why angry people use them more than other people.Aristotle BC.384-322Rule 1 Dont overuse.Rule 2 Stay away from clichs.Rule 3 Use it in proper situations.improper use:funeralsfor
14、mal writings-eg.business letters,scientific reports,expository writings etc.（低调陈述）What might be the situation for saying that?Pardon me for not getting up.恕我不起来了。Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)Epitaph Pardon me for not getting up.恕我不起来了。（低调陈述）Holden Caulfield says,I have to have this operation.It isnt v
15、ery serious.I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.J.D.Salingers The Catcher in the RyePage 23（低调陈述）Definition:It is a figure of speech in which an idea is deliberately expressed too weakly.It is the opposite of hyperbole.It is used to play down or to minimize the importance of it.The purpose is
16、 to draw the attention of the audience to the subject or the idea so as to lay emphasis on it.She was not without ambition.She was quite ambitious.He was a man of no mean wealth.He was quite rich.He was a little annoyed when he found his valuable vase broken.(very much)I am sort of angry at your rashness.(“sort of”means“very”)You could do better.(you did a bad job.)You should have been here earlier.(you are lateIf the speaker downplays the things,he is meant to catch the attention or distract the attention?