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1、Unit EightJoining Sentences Together(II)Unit ObjectivesSubordination OutlinePart I Warmup activitiesMary likes that shop very much.Mary goes to that shop almost every week.Mary likes that shop very much,she goes to that shop almost every week.Mary likes that shop very much,she goes to that shop almo
2、st every week.Mary goes to that shop almost every week she likes that shop very much.andsobecauseTony is very gifted in music.Tony chose to major in accounting.Tony is very gifted in music,he chose to major in accounting.Tony is very gifted in music,he chose to major in accounting.Tony,is very gifte
3、d in music,chose to major in accounting.Tony,chose to major in accounting,is very gifted in music.butAlthoughwhowhoShe was his wife.She stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed a
4、t a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.AlthoughBecauseBeforeUntilAfterWhileWheneverSimilarity and difference between coordination and subordination:Similarity:Both of them can be used to combine two clauses into
5、one sentence.Difference:The two clauses in coordinate sentences can be used independently because either of their meanings is complete.However,in subordination,only one clause keeps a complete meaning and can be used independently.Classroom activities p.1151)That kingdom was small but rich,and every
6、body there lived happily.2)In that kingdom,which was small but rich,everybody lived happily.3)That kingdom,in which everybody lived happily,was small but rich.4)2)Red roses are used to symbolize love,and many people buy them on Lovers day.5)As red roses are used to symbolize love,many people buy the
7、m on Lovers day.3)Manchester United has played very well since last November,so/and many young people admire its members.Many young people admire the members of Manchester United because it has played very well since last November.4)Till now only a small number of Americans have realized the America
8、n dream,but most people still hold the belief to be true.Although till now only a small number of Americans have realized the American dream,most people still hold the belief to be true.5)He was very experienced in selling optional products,but/yet he was turned down by that spectacles company.Thoug
9、h he was very experienced in selling optional products,but/yet he was turned down by that spectacles company.Types of subordination1)Nominal subordinationnoun clauses2)Adjective subordinationattributive clauses3)Adverbial subordinationAdverbial clauses1)Nominal subordination noun clausesA noun claus
10、e can be functioned as a noun in the sentence.e.g.Hissuggestion sounds reasonable.Whathehassuggested sounds reasonable.We appreciate hissuggestion.We appreciate whathehassuggested.This is hissuggestion.This is whathehassuggested.He resented hersuggestion,doingitagain.He resented her suggestion thath
11、edoitagain.SubjectObjectPredicativeAppositiveA noun clause can be aA.Subject clauseB.Object clauseC.Predicative clauseD.Appositive clauseSubject clauseWhen a clause is used as the subject of the sentence,it is a subject clause.1)introduced by THAT2)introduced by WHAT3)introduced by other WH-word1)in
12、troduced by THATJoin the following two sentences together.Liu Jin is the top leader in our college.It is known to all of us.That That Liu Jin is the top leader in our college is known to all of us.It is known to all of us that that Liu Jin is the top leader in our college.2)introduced by WHATJoin th
13、e following two sentences together.He has said a lot in the meeting.All are sheer nonsense.All that he has said in the meeting are sheer nonsense.WhatWhat he has said in the meeting is sheer nonsense.3)introduced by other WH-wordJoin the following two sentences together.When will she go home?It is n
14、ot certain.WhenWhen she will go home is not certain.It is not certain whenwhen she will go home.Will she go back home?It is not decided.WhetherWhether she will go home or notor not is not decided.It is not decided whetherhether she will go home or notor not.Object clauseHe advised .We considerrightC
15、an you tell us?Are you aware?I have never seen the house but I have an idea of .Im not sure .thatshe(should)bepatientitthatsheshouldbepatient.whathashappenedhowmuchthefineforthisiswhatitislikewhetheryoudlikeitPredicative clauseIt seems .What surprised me most was.Thats .What is troubling us is .Thin
16、gs are not .You look .thatitisgoingtorainthathespokeEnglishsowellwhyhouseworkissoheavywherewecanfinditastheyseemtobeasif/asthoughyoudidntcareAppositive clause名词从句作同位语,所修饰的名词短语的中心词通常都是概括性的抽象名词,且很少为复数,通常带冠词。这类词常见的有:fact,idea,opinion,belief,evidence,proof,reason,argument,thought,statement,theory,princi
17、ple,law,truth,possibility,question,doubt,assumption,hypothesis,prediction,conclusion,report,story,hope,advantage,disadvantage,requirement,suggestion,news,rumour,problem,order,information,knowledge 等。名词从句作同位语一般由连词 that,wh 疑问词或名词性关系词引导。that 在引导名词从句作同位语时,它在从句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,也没有任何词义。e.g.The very fact th
18、at landuse issues were so visible throughout the west meant that people were working hard to keep them before the public.The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.2.wh 疑问词引导有少数名词,如 question,problem,idea,doubt 等,后面可以跟由 wh 疑问词引导的名词从句作同位语。限制性同位语从句之前常有介词 of。例如:My original questi
19、on,why he did it at all,has not been answered.。You can have no idea of how anxious we have been.There is no doubt asto whether the document is genuine.2)Adjective subordination attributive clauses/relative clausesRestrictive relative clauseNon-restrictive relative clauseRestrictive relative clauseAn
20、y boy who wants to can come tonight.A day was set when he should be put on trial.Here is the man who they claimed was knocked down by a car.I have no money that I can spare.I know the girl whom he is talking to.Non-restrictive relative clauseMy cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.He m
21、et Mary,who invited him to a party/and Mary invited him to a party.I passed him a glass of water,which he drank immediately/and he drank it immediately.The 8:15 train,which is usually very punctual,was late./The 8:15 train was late,though it is usually very punctual.3)Adverbial subordination Adverbi
22、al clausesAdverbial clause of timeAdverbial clause of placeAdverbial clause of mannerAdverbial clause of purposeAdverbial clause of reasonAdverbial clause of resultAdverbial clause of comparisonAdverbial clause of concessionAdverbial clause of timeAdverbial clauses of time are often introduced byaft
23、er,immediately,tilluntil,as,nosoonerthan,when,assoonas,since,whenever,before,while,hardlywhen,theminute，themoment Ill stay till you get back Before he arrives Ill give the children their tea The momentAs soon as I have finished Ill give you a callTheyve moved house twice since they got marriedSince
24、they got married，theyve moved house twice Adverbial clause of placeAdverbial clause of place are often introduced by“where,wherever“.e.g.You should put the book where it was.He lives where the climate is mild.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcomed.Whereveryou go,I go too.Adverbial clause of pu
25、rposeShips carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could（=would be able to）understand them He wrote his diary in code so that his wife wouldnt be able to read it Adverbial clause of reason1)introduced by asbec
26、ausesince：We camped there asbecausesince it was too dark to go on AsBecauseSince it was too dark to go on，we camped there 2)introduced by inviewofthefactthat,whichcan be replaced byassinceseeingthat,not by because：AsSinceSeeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand AsSinceSeeing that Tom
27、knows French，hed better do the talking Adverbial clause of concessionIntroduced by：although，though，eventhough，evenif，nomatter，however,whatever,as。AlthoughThoughEven thoughEven if you dont like him you can still be polite However rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more money Whatever yo
28、u do，dont tell him that I told you this.Patient as he was，he had no intention of waiting for three hoursAdverbial clause of comparisonIts darker today than it was yesterday He doesnt pay as much tax as we doas us He spends more than he earns He didnt play as well as we expectedaswell as you（did）You
29、work harder than he doesthan himthanI did at your ageBuying a new one is sometimes as cheap as repairing the old one OUTLININGOf course,there are many different ways to develop a theme.One excellent way is to outline the theme first.There are two main kinds of outlines:topic outlines and sentence ou
30、tlines.In a topic outline each item is a key word,or perhaps several words,that will help you to recall an idea.In a sentence outline each item is a complete sentence stating an idea.Both kinds of outlines are useful.Samples of OutlinesDirections:High school students who,after graduation,would like
31、to continue their education are frequently faced with many problems in financing college training.Please give out the problems and ways to solve the problems you may think of.And then,write two outlines,one is a sentence outline and the other is a topic outline for an essay or theme.A SENTENCE OUTLI
32、NEI.Many high school students must face the problem of financing a college education.A.There is little free education at the college level.B.Tuition charges are likely to be high.C.Living away from home is expensive.II.There are ways of helping to finance ones own education.A.Scholarships are availa
33、ble in certain cases.B.The college will lend money to worthy students.C.A student may work at a job while attending school.1.He may hold a parttime job off campus.2.He may assist a professor in one of several ways.a.He may assist in a laboratory.b.He may work in the library.c.He may perform routine
34、office duties.3.Other school jobs are available.a.A student may help to prepare or serve meals.b.He may work in a college store.A TOPIC OUTLINEI.Problems of financing college educationA.Little free education at college levelB.TuitionC.Living away from home II.Ways of financing ones educationA.Schola
35、rshipsB.College loan fundsC.Work 1.Outside college 2.For professorsa.Assisting in laboratoryb.Working in libraryc.Performing office duties 3.Other school jobs a.Preparing and serving mealsb.Working in college storeGUIDES FOR OUTLINING1.Alternate numbers and letters for the points of your outline.a)U
36、se Roman numerals to indicate main topics.b)Use capital letters for the subpoints under each main topics.c)Use Arabic numerals for the details under the capital letters.d)Use small letters for the details under the Arabic numerals.2.Use a period after each division number or letter.3.Capitalize the
37、first word of each point.4.Place no periods after the points in a topic outline.5.Use the same grammatical construction throughout an outline.Do not mix sentences and topics in the same outline.6.For any point,make at least two subdivisions or none,since you cannot divide anything into fewer than tw
38、o parts.7.Begin each new division number or letter directly under the first letter of the first word of the point to which it is a subpoint.You should be able to draw a straight line through the periods after all Roman numerals,another through those after the capital letters,and so on.NUMBERS,LETTER
39、S AND INDENTION IN OUTLINE FORMI.A.B.1.2.a.b.(1)(2)(a)(b)II.A.B.1.2.In the example below,both main topics and subtopics are incorrectly worded in mixed forms.PREPARING FOR A CAREER IN SCIENCEI.There are two kinds of science.A.Working in pure science B.Applied science II.Personality A.A good scholar1
40、.General aptitude 2.Has special skills B.Curiosity C.Enthusiastic III.Academic training of the science student A.Courses high school B.College courses C.Extracurricular activities sentencegerund phrasenoun and modifiernounnoun and modifiersnoun and modifiersverb,noun,and modifiernounadjectivenoun an
41、d modifiersnoun with a prepositional phrase noun and modifiernoun and modifierPREPARING FOR A CAREER IN SCIENCEI.Basic types of science careersA.Pure scienceB.Applied scienceII.Personal characteristics of the science studentA.Scholarship 1.General aptitude 2.Special skillsB.CuriosityC.EnthusiasmIII.
42、Academic training of the science student A.High school courses B.College courses C.Extracurricular activitiesPart V Followup ExercisesP.130 Ex 11)That you have to teach the same textbook year after year doesnt mean you have to teach it in the same way year after year.2)I doubt that this machine can
43、greatly improve your listening ability within a week.3)Whether the chicken appeared before the egg or the other way round is a question that has puzzled people for a long time.4)They still cannot find out why the professor failed them in the exam.5)What has been troubling me is whether universities
44、should simply serve as career training places.p.131.Ex.21)Unless you go with me,otherwise I will not go.2)2)What Id like you explain is that you failed.3)3)He walks as if he were drunk.4)He walks as if he is drunk.1.4)Whether he succeeds or fail,he has to do his best.2.3.5)Take an umbrella with you
45、in case it rained.4.1.I will not go unless you go with me.1.What Id like you explain is why you failed.He is not drunkHe may be drunkWhether he succeeds or fails,he has to do his best.Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.p.131 Ex.31)Although very common about five years ago,beepers have almost
46、 disappeared now.2)If having tried harder,you might have persuaded your boss to postpone the deadlines for your project.3)When studying in the States,she used to take every chance to travel.4)If produced on the same assembly line,these products probably have the same quality.5)After working for four
47、 hours without stop,Tom appeared exhausted.p.131.Ex.4The tired hikers slept for almost ten hours in the trail shelter.Then Rick woke up and hurried out of his cot when,looking out of the corner of his eye,he saw a black spider.At this point,his brother Hal woke up with a start and sneezed several ti
48、mes.Because Hal was coming down with a cold,Rick agreed to prepare the breakfast.He first fetched a canteen of orange juice which had cooled overnight from a nearby stream.Next,he started a fire and set about boiling water for coffee and frying up some bacon and eggs.Meanwhile,Hal,wearing a heavy sw
49、eatshirt and gloves,sniffled,sipped some orange juice,and waited by the fire for a cup of coffee.After both had eaten,Rick was ready to plan another days hiking.But Hal was interested only in hiking to the nearby highway,to the bus that could drop him a block from his house.p.131.Ex.4For years stude
50、nts have been using the same methods of cheating on exams.One triedandtrue technique is the casual glance.Pretending to stare thoughtfully out of the window,students may use peripheral vision to look at another students paper.Another alltime favorite method,the pencil or pen drop,requires a helper.D