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1、第七章英汉句子翻译 7.1 英汉句子结构对比英语主语突出常用无灵主语叙述多呈静态组句多焦点透视句式呈树式结构思维重逻辑句式严谨规范汉语主题突出有灵主语叙述多呈动态组句多散点透视句式呈竹状结构思维重语感句式灵活多变7.2 英语主语显著，汉语主题显著英语句子的结构：主语+谓语汉语句子的结构：主题+述题例1：他会干这件事我不放心。译文一：I dont believe that he should have done such things.译文二：That he should have done such things I dont believe.例2：在桌子上他放了一本书。译文1：On the
2、desk he put a book.译文2：He put a book on the desk.例3：昨天的事多亏你帮忙。译文1：Thank you for your help yesterday.译文2：I own you a lot for your help yesterday.例4：His learning I admire,but his character I despise.7.2.1英语句子中主语的处理英译汉时主语可译成：主谓结构；主题+述题结构；无主句。汉译英时应根据语境及译入语的习惯处理一，主语对译例5：Groundwater,which in its natural s
3、tate is more protected than surface water,is the preferred source of drinking water for cities.例6：五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建主义的运动。The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.二，改变原句主语例7：Electricity can pass through the carbon grains more easily when they are pressed toget
4、her than when they are spread apart.例8：Areas which are far from the sea or sheltered by high mountains usually receive air that has already lost all,or nearly all its humidity.例9：这种水泵的主要特点是操作简便。三，英语的主谓结构译成汉语无主句英语it,that,what等代词作抽象主语时，译成汉语时省略，译成无主句。反之，汉语的无主句英译时，则要有适当的主语。例10：It is hard work,but it has
5、 to be done.例11：可以在车床上车削各种形状和尺寸的螺纹。It is possible to cut all thread forms and sizes on a lathe.四，英语主谓结构与汉语“主题+述题”结构对译例12：Its no legend.My father knew the two men involved.译一，这不是传奇，我父亲认识那两个涉及这场悲剧的人。译二，那可不是传奇，那两个与惨案有关的人我父亲都认识的。7.2.2英语特殊结构汉译时主语的选择7.2.2.1英语的被动句英语的被动句表述客观的实事和态度，多用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍、景物描写等，汉语
6、被动句表示发生的不愉快的事实。一，保留主语，谓语动词可用“被”结构，也可转换为主动语态。例13：They were defeated by themselves,rather than by their enemies.例14：Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust.例15：A prototype of another display,called the Military E-book,should be completed next January or February.二，用“我们、人们、大家”等表泛指
7、的代词充当译语主语。例16：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.例17：After many years,regular mail carriers on horseback were hired.三，译成无主句，特别是英语中一些表示观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召的被动句。例18：Felling trees is forbidden.Where can you be reached?As the armature strike the bar beneath it,a sharp click is heard.It
8、is imperative that the students be taught what they should learn.7.2.2.2有灵主语与无灵主语的对译例19：The happinessthe superior advantages of the young women round about her,gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.例20：他们对市场经济一无所知，他们公司因而受了很大的损失。作业：1，I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his prima
9、ry duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.2，His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.3，I have excluded him be
10、cause,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.4，But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is ex
11、pected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.5，They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems，which involve moral judgment.2006年全国英语考研翻译试题作业答案：1，会把知识分子定义为这样的人：他把用苏格拉底方式思考道德问题
12、作为人生的主要任务和乐趣。2，知识分子的作用与法官相似，他必须接受一种义务，那就是在尽可能清楚的事情中揭示导致其做出决定的推理过程。3，我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但他还没承担起研究道德问题事实方面以外的任何责任。4，知识分子可能很会教书，而且不仅仅是挣工资，但是他们大部分人对涉及道德判断的人类问题很少或者根本不进行独立思考。5，但是，普通科学家的主要任务并非思考指导其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力投入到商业行为的探索一样。7.3 动态与静态表示动作意义时，汉语多用动词，英语多用名词（特别是抽象名次）和介词短语，同时使用形容词、副词及表示
13、状态的弱式动词（be,have,become,grow,feel,go,come,get,do等）和虚化动词（have a look,take a walk,make an attempt,pay a visit,do harm to sb,do shopping,do some reading等）等各种手段表示动作意义。另外，英语句子的谓语动词在句中一般只有一个，其他的动词通常变成非谓语形式、或名词化等使整个叙述呈现静态。7.3.1 英语介词译成汉语动词例21，At six,my friend and his wife were in the tunnel on their way into
14、 New York for a seven oclock appointment.7.3.2 英语名词，尤其是抽象名词，译成汉语动词例22，Motorola is the pre-eminent supplier of equipment to a global industry with some 100 million users.例23,Environmental degradation and population growth,with consequent increase in demand for water,have contributed to a shortage of
15、good quality fresh water.7.3.3 英语形容词译成动词例24，Weak loan demand and low interest rates at home have prompted a scramble among Japanese banks to foist credit on Asian(especially Chinese)borrowers.7.3.4 英语非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词）译成汉语的谓语动词例25，Everyone recognizes the importance of speaking English well.In school
16、one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English,but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by writing.7.4 替代与重复一，英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词，而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。例26，The concepts of electric energy and power are intimately a
17、ssociated with the corresponding ones considered in basic mechanics.例27，我们先到梅雨亭。梅雨亭正对着那条瀑布；坐在亭边不必仰头，便可见它的全体了。二，英语中的代动词及代动词词组，如：do,do so,do it,do that,do this,do the same 等，往往用重复法译成动词。反之亦然。例28，-Tell me who did it,and well let you go right away.-I will never do that.例29，革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。三，英语中的替代句型，如
18、：so+do+主语，so+主语+do,so+be+主语，so+主语+be,so+will+主语，so+主语+will,if so等，通常用重复法译成汉语。例30，“By the way,”he added,“have you any free time this afternoon?If so,why dont you have tea in the lighthouse?”练习：1,Of all works not claiming divine inspiration,that book,written by a man proscribed and hated both for his
19、polities and his religion,has proved the greatest blessing to humanity.More than any other it has prevented unmerited suffering,misery,and sorrow;more than any other it has ennobled the military profession;more than any other it has promoted the blessings of peace and diminished the horrors of war.(
20、15 points)华中科技大学2003年研究生考试，科目：基础语言学及写作，适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学有有位位作作家家，曾曾因因政政治治观观点点和和宗宗教教信信仰仰而而被被禁禁锢锢和和仇仇视视，他他写写的的一一本本书书，在在所所有有自自称称不不是是源源自自神神的的灵灵感感的的作作品品中中，已已经经证证明明了了是是对对人人类类的的最最大大的的祝祝福福。只只有有这这本本书书提提出出预预防防可可能能避避免免的的痛痛苦苦、不不幸幸和和悲悲伤伤；只只有有这这本本书书提提高高了了军军事事的的地地位位；只只有有这这本本书书表表达达对对和和平平的的祝祝福福和和对对恐恐怖怖战争的谴责。战争的谴责。7.5
21、 句子的分译句子的分译一，句子的分译即把一个由多个成分盘一，句子的分译即把一个由多个成分盘根错节地组合而成的英语长句分译成若根错节地组合而成的英语长句分译成若干个较短的汉语。干个较短的汉语。例例31，The trouble with the digital revolution is that computers may have speeded up many of the processes of modern life,but they still remain relatively difficult to use.例32，The real challenges is how to c
22、reate systems with many components that can work together and change,merging the physical world with the digital world.二，搭配关系的语言差异例33，He smiled at that,with a rueful curve of his lips,but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify.例34，That is a NATO matter and any comment on it
23、should appropriately come from NATO.例35,Both peaks are majestically towering high mountains and are blessed with paradise status,or in Chinese Shangri-la.例36,What is surely and identifiably unique about the human species is not its possession of certain faculties or physical characteristics,but what
24、 it has done with themits achievement,or history,in fact.7.6,英语长句的翻译英语是综合分析语，可以综合运用形态变化、词序、和虚词这三大语法手段来表达复杂的思想。汉语缺乏形态变化，在表达复杂思想时使用短句、分句和流水句，按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序排列。翻译英汉长句的五个步骤：一，削去枝蔓，找出主干；二，条分缕析，理清关系；三，确定单位，各个击破；四，调整搭配，重新组合；五，核对原句，润饰译句7.6.1 削去枝蔓，找出主干例37，A World Bank report released at the time of the conferenc
25、e,which ended on 10 November,insists that Vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing.例38，The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs,even to run an electric motor,is almost unbelievable.7.6.2 条分缕析
26、，理清关系例39 This preference for exogamy,Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间
27、不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。7.6.3 确定单位，各个击破转换单位，是指原文中的这样一种语言单位，作为整体，它可以在译文中找到自己的对应物，但它自身的各个组成部分在译文中则不一定是一一对应的。最佳转换单位是小句：前后都有停顿并有句调表示的语言形式。英语的小句可分为三类：限定式小句（从句）；非限定式小句（非限定式动词及短语）；无动词小句（省略了动词或主语的从句）。例40，“Alas!”said a widow,speaking of her brilliant and careless son,“he has not the gift o
28、f continuance.”例41，After one more assignment,Bell resigned as a journalist to stand for Parliament in England.7.6.4 调整搭配，重新组合一，调整语序：顺译；逆译；分译；综合译法汉语行文的线性思维决定了表述顺序是时间顺序和逻辑顺序1，按时间顺序例42、Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of domina
29、ting the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.例43、In the last 25 of the many thousands of years which separate the discovery of electrum from the discovery of electrons,we have at last come to realize how much the properties of the former depend on the behavior of the latter.2,按逻
30、辑顺序A World Bank report released at the time of the conference,which ended on 10 November,insists that Vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing.3，逻辑和时间融于一体例44，She kicked her shoes and stepped into a pair of slippers which were too big for h
31、er tiny feet;without shoes she lost some of her elegance and height.And you,our guest,fearless,eloquent,large of heart and of mind,whose one thought is the salvation of oppressed Hungary,unfortunate but undiscouraged,struck down in the battle of liberty,but great in defeat and gathering strength for
32、 future triumphs,receive this action at our hands that in this great attempt of man to repossess himself of the rights which God gave him,though the strife be waged under a distant belt of longitude and with the mightiest despotism of the world,the press of America takes part with you and your count
33、ry.I give you “Louis Kossuth.”(15 points)华中科技大学2003年研究生考试，科目：基础语言学及写作，适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学你是我们的朋友，你无畏、雄辩，心胸开阔，被认为是受压迫匈牙利的救世主，但不幸在争取自由的战斗中被击败了，可你并不气馁，可贵的是仍然集聚力量争取将来的胜利，用我们的勇士的拼搏赢回上帝赋予的权利。尽管这场战争的始作俑者来自同一经度政权的贪婪，面临着世界上最强大的专制政权，美国的新闻界与你和你的国家站在一起。为你，我们的刘易斯库苏斯，干杯。1,The Motives of the best Actions will not bea
34、r too strict an Enquiry.It is allowed that the Cause of most Actions,good or bad,may be resolved into the Love of ourselves:But the Self-Love of some Men inclines them to please others;and the self-Love of others is wholly employed in pleasing themselves.This makes the great Distinction between Virt
35、ue and Vice.Religion is the best Motive of all Actions,yet Religion is allowed to be the highest Instance of Self-Love.华中理工大学2001年硕士研究生试题，科目：翻译，适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学 即使最好行为的动机也经不起严格的质疑。但可以承认多数行为，无论好的还是坏的，多可归结到人的利己行为：有的人的利己行为使他们倾向于取悦他人；而有的人则完全是自我满足。这就形成了善恶的巨大差别。宗教信仰是所有行为动机的最高境界，它也是被看作利己的最好的诠释。I could not
36、have believed that a rag carpet could feast me so,and so content me;or that there could be such solace to the soul in wallpaper and framed lithographs and bright-colored tidies and lamp-mates and Windsor chains,and varnished whatnots with sea-shells and books and china vases on them,and the score of
37、 little unclassifiable tricks and touches that a womans hand distributes about a home,which one sees without knowing he sees them,yet would miss in a moment if they were taken away.(10%)华华中中科科技技大大学学2003年年研研究究生生考考试试，科科目目：英英汉汉互译，适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学互译，适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学二，适当使用关联词语英语重形和，语法呈显性，造句注重形式接应，句中多用关联词
38、语。汉语重意合，语法呈隐性，造句重逻辑事理顺序，以神统形，少用关联词语，其语法意义和逻辑关系常常隐含在字里行间。例45，I couldt see why the worker who works and produces gets paid less than the manager who sits on his chair and does nothing.例46，Business is pretty slack,to begin with,and then Im fixing up a little house for Ned and Ruth,when theyre married.6
39、.6.5核对原句，润饰译句例47，To those of us who walk in sunlight and hear all the sounds that beat on our ears,being blind and deaf would seem like being in a prison.原译：对于我们中能够在阳光下漫步并聆听到撞击在耳边的所有音响的人们来说，眼盲耳聋犹如是处在一所监狱里。练习：1,1I believe that 2I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nation
40、s3so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning4when I say that 5the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past,6 matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future,7 so that we can escape from fru
41、stration 8 and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement.译文：译文：这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去失误的大好时机，同地评估我们过去失误的大好时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的大好时机。这样，我做好今后工作的大好时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我将这番念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我将这番话时，我相信今天上午我们听话时，我相信今天上午我们
42、听到的发言也使我相信我是代表联到的发言也使我相信我是代表联合国每一位真诚而严肃的代表讲话的。合国每一位真诚而严肃的代表讲话的。2,The myth states that the unknown architect,then in his thirties,submitted rough sketches to the competition judges,that he ignored most of the rules,that his design was only selected after being plucked at the last moment from the reje
43、ct pile by one of the judges,and that the design was unbuildable.传闻说，当时这位名不见经传的建筑师向评委传闻说，当时这位名不见经传的建筑师向评委会递交设计草案时年仅来岁；他对大多数会递交设计草案时年仅来岁；他对大多数规则都置之不理；他的设计方案是在最后一刻规则都置之不理；他的设计方案是在最后一刻才有一位评委从被淘汰了的废纸堆里抽出来的；才有一位评委从被淘汰了的废纸堆里抽出来的；而且这种设计根本无法变成现实。而且这种设计根本无法变成现实。传闻说，当时这位名不见经传的建筑师传闻说，当时这位名不见经传的建筑师向评委会递交设计草案时年仅
44、来岁；向评委会递交设计草案时年仅来岁；他对大多数规则都置之不理；他的设计他对大多数规则都置之不理；他的设计方案是在最后一刻才有一位评委从被淘方案是在最后一刻才有一位评委从被淘汰了的废纸堆里抽出来的；而且这种设汰了的废纸堆里抽出来的；而且这种设计根本无法变成现实。计根本无法变成现实。3,It is bad enough that the State Department had to admit that a notebook computer with sensitive material had vanished last January from its ultrasecure inter
45、nal spy shop after Albrights inspector general warned about lax security there just months before.国务院不得不承认：今年月，一台装国务院不得不承认：今年月，一台装有敏感内容的笔记本电脑从极端安全的有敏感内容的笔记本电脑从极端安全的国务院内部间谍事务所消失不见了。这国务院内部间谍事务所消失不见了。这简直糟糕透顶。而就在几个月前，奥尔简直糟糕透顶。而就在几个月前，奥尔布赖特的检察长还对那里不严格的安全布赖特的检察长还对那里不严格的安全措施提出过警告。措施提出过警告。4,Look through rev
46、iews of the famous 1939 film adaptation of Mararet Mitchells classic Civil War novel of romance and southern ways,Gone with the Wind,and its hard to believe the critics were writing about the same thing.飘是马格利特米切尔描写美国内战飘是马格利特米切尔描写美国内战时期爱情故事及南方生活的经典之作，时期爱情故事及南方生活的经典之作，该书年被改编成著名电影。看该书年被改编成著名电影。看一看对这部电影
47、的种种评论，人们很难一看对这部电影的种种评论，人们很难相信，这些评论家所写的竟是同一个事相信，这些评论家所写的竟是同一个事件。件。5,I could not have believed that a rag carpet could feast me so,and so content me;or that there could be such solace to the soul in wallpaper and framed lithographs and bright-colored tidies and lamp-mates and Windsor chains,and varnis
48、hed whatnots with sea-shells and books and china vases on them,很很难难相相信信一一张张破破地地毯毯能能给给我我慰慰籍籍，或或者者带带给给我我心心灵灵安安宁宁的的是是那那墙墙纸纸、镶镶框框的的图图画画、色色彩彩鲜鲜艳艳的的椅椅子子靠靠垫垫、灯灯罩罩、温温莎莎链链子子、上上漆漆的的架架子子上上摆摆着着的的贝贝壳壳、书籍和瓷质花瓶。书籍和瓷质花瓶。and the score of little unclassifiable tricks and touches that a womans hand distributes about a
49、 home,which one sees without knowing he sees them,yet would miss in a moment if they were taken away.房房内内所所有有这这些些在在一一个个女女人人手手下下布布置置的的林林林林总总总总的的东东西西，平平时时熟熟视视无无睹睹，但但一旦缺少会令人感伤良久。一旦缺少会令人感伤良久。(10%)华华中中科科技技大大学学2003年年研研究究生生考考试试，科科目目：英英汉汉互互译译，适适用用专专业业：外外国国语语言言学学及及应应用语言学用语言学6,但但那那时时觉觉醒醒起起来来的的知知识识青青年年的的心心情情，是
50、是大大抵抵热热烈烈，然然而而悲悲凉凉的的。即即使使得得到到一一点点光光明明，“径径一一周周三三”，却却更更分分明明的的看看到到了了周周围围的的无无涯涯的的黑黑暗暗。“沉沉自自己己的的船船”还还要要在在绝绝出出求求生生，此此外外的的许许多多作作品品，就就往往往往“春春非非我我春春，秋秋非非我我秋秋”，玄玄发发朱朱颜颜，却却唱唱着着饱饱经经忧忧患患的的不不欲欲明明言言的的断断肠肠之之曲曲。虽虽是是冯冯至至的的释释以以诗诗情情，莎莎子子的的托托辞辞小小草草，还是不能掩饰的。还是不能掩饰的。华华中中科科技技大大学学2004年年研研究究生生考考试试，科科目目：英英汉汉互译，适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言