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1、2023年郑君外文翻译 How Punishment Affect Behavior Operant behavior can also be conditioned through the use of punishment .Here the goal is not to reinforce a response, and therefore make it likely to occur again in the future, but to eliminate a response by following it with an unpleasant experience.Most p
2、eople and indeed society as a whole seem to believe in the effectivene of punishment as a form of behavior modification .Toddlers are punished by a slap on the hand if they grab at a fragile lamp or by a slap on the hand if they whine too much .Older children are punished if they are “say,” get into
3、 fights, or refuse to do their homework. Researchers studying marriage have found that it is not uncommon for one or both partners to use punishment in an attempt to change the others behavior .Note this case: A husband was annoyed because whenever his wife was in a bad mood , she had the habit of s
4、wearing at children if they misbehaved.In an effort to change her behavior ,he yelled at her ,or stormed out or the house for the evening ,or stopped sharing in household chores when she swore at the child .The wife ,in turn ,was annoyed because the husband always left the den in a me -with newspape
5、rs, magazines, and books scattered over the floor and on top of the television set.In an effort to change his behavior, she threw out his magazines out his magazines, stopped talking to him, and rejected his sexual approaches whenever he left his den in a me (Patterson, Hop, Wei ,1975).Both were say
6、ing, in effect, “ Yes, Im punishing you by being as unpleasant as I can-and Ill do it until you change your ways. The question is: Dose punishment really work? In the case of the couple just described, it did not.They wound up talking their problems to a marriage counselor.But the question cannot al
7、ways be answered with a simple yes or no.It is surrounded by many complications, all bearing on our attempts to get along in society and with our fellow human beings. Punishment with Animals-and with People In general, punishment often results in rapid and long-lasting earning by animals (Solomon, 1
8、964 ).As might be expected from what was said earlier about delayed reinforcement, the punishment is most effective if administered as soon as poible after the experiment wants to eliminate (CampbellChurch,1969). The punishment is most effective of all when combined with reward-that is, when the “wr
9、ong” behavior is punished and the “right” behavior is rewarded.This has been shown by placing a rat in a simple T-shaped maze.The animal starts at the bottom of the T and has the choice, when it reaches the top , of turning either right or left.A really-life demonstration of the same principle is pr
10、ovided by the housebreaking of a young puppy, which, as countle dog owners have discovered, is best accomplished by punished by punishing the animal immediately by slapping it with a rolled-up newspaper when it wets the rug and showing it that the same act is praiseworthy when performed outdoors. In
11、 at least some cases, punishment also helps babies and small children to learn.Its use is sometimes unavoidable.A slap on the hand when a child reaches toward a forbidden object may be the only way to prevent damage, as when the object is a fragile lamp, or even serious injury, if the object happens
12、 to be a sharp knife. With older children and adults, however, the effectivene of punishment is much le clear.One reason is that it is impoible to say how any give individual feel about any particular kind of supposedly punishing treatment.If that statement strikes you as peculiar, consider this sit
13、uation: A mother and father make it a regular practice, when their children misbehave, to raise a great fu.They yell at the children, call them to task, bawl them out, threaten them with everything from being sent to bed without supper to a thorough spanking.They believe that this punishment will ma
14、ke the children mend their ways.The children, however, may view the situation in an entirely different light.Let us say that their parents ordinarily ignore them, displaying very few signs of interest or affection.Thus, to the children, the intended punishment is actually a form of attention, which
15、they desperately crave.It constitutes a positive reinforcement that they are likely to seek again and again.In these cases even a spanking may be regarded as a positive reinforcement. Psychologists are well aware that punishment often achieves exactly the opposite of its intended effect (Feshbach, 1
16、983).It can create a vicious circle within a family: The child misbehaves, the parent punishes, and the punishment leads to further misbehavior (N.E.Miller, 1975).Punishment may also have far-reaching side effects.Studies of children who received drastic verbal or physical punishment have shown that
17、 they tend to acquire a dislike for the people who punish them, such as their parents or teachers.These children often become aggreive and punishing toward other children-and as adults frequently are cruel to their own offspring.惩罚如何影响行为 行为模式也可通过运用惩罚加以控制。在这里，惩罚的目的不再是强化某种反应，以使它将来再次出现，而是通过呈现不愉快的事件以消除其
18、反应。大多数人似乎更加相信惩罚是以一种行为修正的方式而起作用。幼儿常常因为抓住易碎的灯具而受到打手心的惩罚，或者因为他们太爱哭、太闹而被打屁股，大一点的孩子呢，如果他们表现的无礼、莽撞，或打架斗殴，不写家庭作业，同样也会受到惩罚。 有关婚姻生活的研究者发现，对于夫妻双方试图运用惩罚来改变彼此行为这一现象是十分常见的。注意这个案例：每当妻子心情不好的时候，她往往有在孩子犯错误后严厉责骂的坏习惯，这让丈夫很恼火，为了改变他的这一行为习惯，他曾在她发作时冲她大嚷，或者冲出家门直至深夜才归，又或者不帮她做家务。转而，妻子也常因为丈夫将书房弄得一团糟而生气，报纸、杂志、书本散落满地，连电视柜上也不例外，
19、为了改变丈夫的这一坏毛病，她曾将他的杂志丢掉，不跟他说话或拒绝他的亲近等，事实上，所有这些都在说，“是的，我要尽我所能的惩罚你，给你不愉快，除非你改变你的行为方式。” 可问题是：惩罚真的有用吗？就像以上的案例一样，其实根本毫无作用，他们最后很可能去咨询心理顾问，然而，这个问题又很难用简单的“是”或“否”来回答，因为它包含了很多复杂的因素在里面，而这些又是我们在社会中人与人交往中不得不承担的！ 对动物的惩罚对人的惩罚 通常情况下，惩罚常常导致动物快速及持久的的学习，也许我们通过以前的延迟强化学习更坚定：只有惩罚及时出现在想消除的行为之后，才会最有效。 惩罚只有与奖励相结合，即，当错误的行为受到惩
20、罚时，相应的正确的行为要被奖励。这一原理表现在走T型迷宫的小老鼠身上，这个动物明星从T型迷宫的底部出发，自身具有选择权，当到达T型迷宫的顶部时，要不向左，不然向转右，如果当它向右走而得到食物奖励，向左走被触动震撼时，它就会很快认识到“正确”的路线。同样的道理在现实生活中则表现为破门而入过的小狗身上，因为无数养狗的人都已经发现，对于“破门而入”这种情况，最好的惩罚方式是当它弄湿地毯时就立即挥动报纸打它，并告诉它这一行为在室内不比户外。 另外，在一些情况中，惩罚也可以帮助幼儿、孩童进行学习，惩罚的运用是不可预测的，在孩子试图够一些禁止触摸的物品时，打他手可能是唯一能阻止其受伤的“惩罚”方式，因为这
21、些物品可能是易碎的灯具，当然如果是锋利的水果刀的话，就更容易受伤了！ 然而对于大一些的孩子或成人而言，惩罚的效力却不是很有力。其中一个原因是对于既定的人给予有计划的的惩罚其涉及范围是有限的。试想一下，如果这种情形发生在你的身上你会怎样：一对夫妇养成了这样的习惯，当他们的孩子犯错时，他们大声的责备孩子，严厉的训斥他们，甚至做每一件事时孩子都受到威胁，从不准吃晚饭到十足的责骂，他们认为这 样的惩罚将会使孩子们改正错误，然而孩子们却完全不这样认为，其观点与之截然不同，其根本原因是父母他们根本就是忽视子女的感受，这惩罚毫无效力所言。于是，对于孩子们来说，这种蓄意的接受惩罚实际上只是一种渴望引起父母注意的方式，在这种情形下，即使是惩罚却也变成了强化，周而复始。 心理学家也注意到了，往往惩罚的后果是使其结果背道而驰，它导致了家庭中的一个恶性循环，即，子女犯错父母就惩罚责骂，而这惩罚只会导致再次犯错。而且，惩罚也可能具有远效应，有关儿童的研究表明，常受到言语责骂及体罚的孩子常表现为不喜欢施罚的人，如他们的老师、家长等，这些孩子常常变得激进且易向别的孩子施罚。若是成人则很可能对后代子女也很粗鲁！ 郑君外文翻译 郑君外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译 外文翻译