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1、高考英语书面表达特训高考英语书面表达特训 单俊刚2010.12.122010.12.12一、弄清一个概念1.1.优秀英语作文的标准是什么？优秀英语作文的标准是什么？极优档（3030分）（很少）分）（很少）上 档（18-2918-29分）分）一优秀（一优秀（26262929）要点全面，紧扣主题，观点表达充分，能有效使用连接成分，具备较强的要点全面，紧扣主题，观点表达充分，能有效使用连接成分，具备较强的书面表达能力。语言小错（拼写，标点）少于四个，不能有一处大错。书面表达能力。语言小错（拼写，标点）少于四个，不能有一处大错。二良好（二良好（22-2522-25）要点全面紧扣主题，观点表达较充分，语
2、言有少量错误，（大错不超过三要点全面紧扣主题，观点表达较充分，语言有少量错误，（大错不超过三个。）但基本不影响意思表达。个。）但基本不影响意思表达。三一般（三一般（18182121）要点全面，紧扣主题。语言表达基本充分，语言错误影响部分意思的表达，要点全面，紧扣主题。语言表达基本充分，语言错误影响部分意思的表达，但但多数多数句子基本正确。句子基本正确。说明：说明：作文要达到及格线（作文要达到及格线（18分）以上，必须要点全。也就是说，如果缺要点最多分）以上，必须要点全。也就是说，如果缺要点最多只能得只能得17分。但又同时规定，对于语言表达特别好的作文可以突破这个限制，划入分。但又同时规定，对于
3、语言表达特别好的作文可以突破这个限制，划入良好档，但最多不得超过良好档，但最多不得超过22分。关于时态，每出现一处时态错误，均以大错论处。分。关于时态，每出现一处时态错误，均以大错论处。下 档（017分）四四 较差较差（13-1713-17）能够写出基本要点，行文不连贯，语言错误较多，能够写出基本要点，行文不连贯，语言错误较多，半数半数句子基本正确句子基本正确五五差差(6-12)(6-12)能够写出部分要点，能够写出部分与内容相关的可读句。能够写出部分要点，能够写出部分与内容相关的可读句。六六很差很差（0-50-5）只能写出与内容相关的词语，没有有效信息，抄写其他文章或只写出部分单只能写出与内
4、容相关的词语，没有有效信息，抄写其他文章或只写出部分单词。词。一、弄清一个概念1.1.优秀英语作文的标准是什么？优秀英语作文的标准是什么？补充说明：补充说明：1.1.关于大错小错问题：关于大错小错问题：小错：单词拼写，冠词，大小写，标点符号错误。小错：单词拼写，冠词，大小写，标点符号错误。大错：搭配错误，词语用错，（介词，名词，动词，形容词副词，主谓一致，非谓大错：搭配错误，词语用错，（介词，名词，动词，形容词副词，主谓一致，非谓语动词，句式结构）语动词，句式结构）2.字数少于字数少于120，减去，减去2分。分。3.书写差，减去书写差，减去2分，如影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。分，如影响交际，
5、将分数降低一个档次。总结总结：什么样的作文是一篇好作文：什么样的作文是一篇好作文无遗漏信息点，即要点全面无遗漏信息点，即要点全面篇章条理清晰：分段和过渡词篇章条理清晰：分段和过渡词句式复杂多样句式复杂多样地道的高级词汇和恰当的词组地道的高级词汇和恰当的词组接下来，我们具体感知一下优秀作文的要素。接下来，我们具体感知一下优秀作文的要素。二、感知典型范例二、感知典型范例词汇层面词汇层面1adj.聪明的、脑筋好的聪明的、脑筋好的clever wise wise smart smart brightbright intelligentintelligent二、感知典型范例词汇层面词汇层面2a adj.
6、dj.令人惊奇的令人惊奇的surprisingamazingamazingastonishingastonishing他昨天下午来的。他昨天下午来的。1.Hecamehereyesterdayafternoon.2.Hedidntcomehereuntilyesterdayafternoon.3.Notuntilyesterdayafternoondidhecomehere.4.It was yesterday afternoon that he came here.二、感知典型范例句型层面句型层面1令她吃惊的是，小女孩知道这么多事情。令她吃惊的是，小女孩知道这么多事情。1.Heissurpr
7、isedthatthelittlegirlknowssomanythings.2.Tohissurprise,thelittlegirlknowssomanythings.3.Whatsurpriseshimisthatthelittlegirlknowssomanythings.二、感知典型范例句型层面句型层面2二、感知典型范例段落层面段落层面1This village is very small.It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people.It used to be very poor.It has changed a lot since
8、 1978.People here are richer than before.Now it is taking on a new look.This village is very small，which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people.It used to be very poor.However,it has changed a lot since 1978.People here are leading a richer and happier life than before.Now it is taking on a ne
9、w look.二、感知典型范例段落层面段落层面2I think,for us children,we should often go home and stay together with our parents though we are busy.Our society should organize all kinds of activities for the seniors to help them live happily.We can build a harmonious society only when all of us care for the aged.As far a
10、s I am concerned,for us children,we should often go home and stay together with our parents however busy we are.Whats more,our society should organize all kinds of activities for the seniors to help them live a happy life.Only when all of us care for the aged can we build a harmonious society二、感知典型范
11、例篇章层面篇章层面1卷卷面面不不整整洁洁;涂涂改改较较多多;语语言言错错误误多多;层层次次不不清清;得得1 11 1分分二、感知典型范例篇章层面篇章层面2字字数数不不够够或或未未能能传传达达读读者者任任何何信信息息，不不得得分分。书写书写对比鲜明对比鲜明 poor poor篇章层面篇章层面3excellentexcellent三、阅卷老师忠告1.网上阅卷对卷面要求提高。网上阅卷对卷面要求提高。阅卷教师看电脑屏评分，屏幕上视觉比纸上印象阅卷教师看电脑屏评分，屏幕上视觉比纸上印象更突出，更突出，每行高度约为直线格的每行高度约为直线格的2/3的作文视觉效果的作文视觉效果最佳，此类作文错误少并用有效连
12、接成分就能高分。最佳，此类作文错误少并用有效连接成分就能高分。2.中等水平学生容易成为中等水平学生容易成为最吃亏学生群最吃亏学生群。高考阅卷特点高考阅卷特点，决定了阅卷时间短、速度快、赋，决定了阅卷时间短、速度快、赋分中庸。两极的考生优劣分明，容易赋分，而中等分中庸。两极的考生优劣分明，容易赋分，而中等学生，如果出现学生，如果出现书写潦草或低级错误容易出现得分书写潦草或低级错误容易出现得分趋低情况，成为最吃亏的一个群体趋低情况，成为最吃亏的一个群体。3.书面表达是提高平均分最大的潜力股书面表达是提高平均分最大的潜力股。平均分：平均分：15分分 峰值：峰值：1719分分 提升空间巨大提升空间巨大
13、四、明确写作步骤 1.Cross-question(审题审题)Main idea Style Verb tense Person2.Seize the major points/key words(抓要点抓要点)figure out the outline(提纲提纲)4.Ensure the fluency(添加过渡，确保添加过渡，确保连贯）连贯）Conjunctions/conjunctive adverbspassage5.Error correcting (查错改错查错改错)3.Sentences connection (连句成文连句成文)Words/phrases Sentencesp
14、assage四、明确写作步骤抄抄改改连连扩扩抓抓审审书面书面表达表达五、培养几种技能A)Simple sentence(简单句简单句):B)Hearing the news,he was happy.B)Compound sentence A（并列句）（并列句）:He gave me a book but I forgot to bring it back home.C)Compound sentence B（复合句）（复合句）:What he is doing has nothing to do with me.“规范的英语句子规范的英语句子”就是我们经常就是我们经常讲的三种句子：讲的三种句
15、子：1.学会使用规范的英语句子Here are 3 ways to make sentences:I.巧妙运用短语，写出规范的简单句：巧妙运用短语，写出规范的简单句：1)借助名词短语做同位语借助名词短语做同位语如：如：李立，男，李立，男，19岁，岁，1991年生；籍贯：年生；籍贯：广东。广东。LiLi,aboyof19,wasborninGuangdongin1991.2)借助介词短语做定语借助介词短语做定语 如：如：李飞李飞,男，男，10岁，棕色短发，穿白色茄克。岁，棕色短发，穿白色茄克。LiFeiisaten-year-oldboywithshortbrownhairandinawhite
16、jacket.如：如：有了有了Tom的帮助，我们很快就找到的帮助，我们很快就找到了他们的村子。了他们的村子。WiththehelpofTom,wesoonfoundtheirvillage.4)借助非谓语动词短语做定语或状语借助非谓语动词短语做定语或状语 如：如：他们站在大树下，等待着总统的到来。他们站在大树下，等待着总统的到来。Theywerestandingunderthebigtree,waitingforthepresident.Standingunderthebigtree,theywerewaitingforthePresident.3)借助介词短语做状语借助介词短语做状语II.I
17、I.巧用连接词，写出规范的并列句：巧用连接词，写出规范的并列句：如：如：他给我很多钱，我不要。他给我很多钱，我不要。IwasjustwalkingdownthestreetcornerwhenIsawyou.如：如：我刚走到拐角处，就见到你了。我刚走到拐角处，就见到你了。HegavemealotofmoneybutIrefused.III.III.用好从句和引导词写出规范的复合句：用好从句和引导词写出规范的复合句：1)名词性从句名词性从句如：如：老师生气。原因：王力迟到。老师生气。原因：王力迟到。ThatWangLicamelatetoschoolmadetheteacherveryangry
18、.2)定语从句定语从句如：如：中国中国,地处亚洲东部；特点：地大物博、人口地处亚洲东部；特点：地大物博、人口众多。众多。China,which lies in the east of Asia,is a great country with a large area and population as well as rich natural resources.Iwasdeeplymovedbythis,becauseIknowLeiFengisstilllivinginourhearts.3)状语从句状语从句如：如：雷锋还活在我们心中，我深受感动。雷锋还活在我们心中，我深受感动。2、灵活运
19、用九种句式 有意识的将下列句式结构运用到作文中去，有意识的将下列句式结构运用到作文中去，可以迅速地让我们的作文靓起来。重要的是可以迅速地让我们的作文靓起来。重要的是我们要学会如何灵活的变通、巧妙地运用到我们要学会如何灵活的变通、巧妙地运用到考试作文中去。考试作文中去。1.PeoplegrowriceinthesouthofChina.RiceisgrowninthesouthofChina.2.Theyhaveprintedoneandahalfmillioncopiesofthedictionarysince1986.One and a half million copies of thed
20、ictionaryhavebeenprintedsince1986.一、主动句与被动句的互换。一、主动句与被动句的互换。二、将陈述句改为倒装句。二、将陈述句改为倒装句。1.I could hardly understand the importance of English at that time.Hardly could I understand the importance of English at that time.2.We did not realize our mistakes until at that time.Not until at that time did we r
21、ealize our mistakes.三、将简单句改为强调句三、将简单句改为强调句1.Smoking did great harm to his health.It was smoking that did great harm to his health.2.Our money is earned through hard work by our parents.It is through hard work that our money is earned by our parents.3.He went there yesterday.He did go there yesterday
22、.四、将两个简单句合并为并列句四、将两个简单句合并为并列句1.You can do it.I can do it.One of us must do it.you I must do it.2.I want to buy this bike.I dont have enough money.I want to buy this bike,I dont have enough money.Eitherorbut五、将两个简单句合并为复合句五、将两个简单句合并为复合句1.同位语和同位语从句同位语和同位语从句1)Liu Xiang is an excellent athlete.He won the
23、 first prize in Mens 110 Hurdle Race in the 2004 Olympic Games._,_,won the first prize in Mens 110 Hurdle Race in the 2004 Olympic Games.2)The word is true.The president will give our school a speech._ is true _ the president will give our school a speech.Liu Xiangan excellent athleteItthat2.定语从句定语从
24、句 1)The2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijing,anditssloganisOneWorld,OneDream,The2008OlympicGames,_2)Inmyopinion,theGreatWallandtheSummerPalacearewellworthvisiting.Inmyopinion,theGreatWallandtheSummerPalace_3)Yesterday,wewenttotheEastGate,andweboughtalotofclothes.Yesterday,wewenttotheEastGate,_OneDream
25、,willbeheldinBeijing.arethetwoplaceswhicharewellworthvisiting.whereweboughtaWhosesloganisOneWorld,lotofclothes.3.主语从句主语从句1)His wonderful performance on the stage impressed me.most was his wonderful performance on the stage.2)It satisfied me.The dining hall provides us with a large variety of kinds o
26、f dishes.the dining hall provides us with a large variety of kinds of dishes.3)I learned from the story that as long as we have patience,confidence and perseverance,we can realize our dreams.as long as we have patience,confidence and perseverance,we can realize our dreams.WhatimpressedmeWhatsatisfie
27、dmeisthatWhatIhavelearntfromthestoryisthat 推荐句型推荐句型What surprises astonished satisfied impressed me is thatWhat I would like to suggest advise put forward is thatWhat matters most is that What I learnconclude from the story is that4.表语从句表语从句推荐句型：推荐句型：is no longer what it used to be.1)我的家乡不再像以前那样了。我的
28、家乡不再像以前那样了。My hometown is no longer what it used to be.2)他不再是以前那样了。他不再是以前那样了。He is no longer what he used to be.5.状语从句状语从句 结果、程度结果、程度 sothat;such that 让步让步 no matter how what when where.=whatever,however,whenever,wherever 时间时间 was doingwhen,as soon as,the moment,the next time,every time1)不管前面有多少困难，我
29、们都要学会独立的不管前面有多少困难，我们都要学会独立的克服他们。克服他们。_ _,we should learn to overcome them independently.2)我正沿着马路走，突然我听到有人叫我。我正沿着马路走，突然我听到有人叫我。I _ along the road _ suddenly I heard my name called.Nomatterhowmanydifficultiestherewaswalkingwhenareaheadofus,六、将两个简单句合并为一个由六、将两个简单句合并为一个由which引导的非限引导的非限制性定语从句制性定语从句1.Recen
30、tlymanystudentsspendtheirmoneyonunnecessarythings.Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutit.Recentlymanystudentsspendtheirmoneyonunnecessarythings,aboutdifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.2.Manyboyslearntosmoke.Itdoesharmtotheirhealth.Manyboyslearntosmoke,_whichwhichdoesharmtotheir health.七、七、it
31、作形式主语或形式宾语句型作形式主语或形式宾语句型1.You pretend to know what you dont know.Its no good.Its no good pretending to know what you dont know.2.It is easy to get on with Pam.I find.I find it easy to get on with Pam.八、分词结构代替状语从句八、分词结构代替状语从句1.If you work harder,you will do better in the exam next time._,you will do
32、better in the exam next time.2.Because my friend was frightened of losing his job,he said nothing to the police._,my friend said nothing to the police.WorkinghardFrightenedoflosinghisjob九、九、将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句变成变成with 引导的短语或者复合结构引导的短语或者复合结构。With+宾语宾语+adj./adv./介词短语介词短语/to dodoingdone常
33、用句型常用句型 with a population of.with a total area of with a long history of years1)这个地区占地这个地区占地2000平方千米，人口平方千米，人口10万。万。This area covers an area of 2000 square kilometers,_2)我们学校周围种了很多花，吸引了大量的学我们学校周围种了很多花，吸引了大量的学生来参观。生来参观。_,it attracts a large number of people.3)我们学校是一所有我们学校是一所有100多年历史的名校。多年历史的名校。Our sc
34、hool is a famous one _ _withapopulationof100,000.Withmanyflowerssurroundingourschoolwithahistoryofover100years.4）没有做完作业，这个小孩不敢去上学。）没有做完作业，这个小孩不敢去上学。_,the boy dared not go to school.5)这两个男人早早就睡了，蜡烛烧了一晚上。这两个男人早早就睡了，蜡烛烧了一晚上。The two men went to bed early,_ _.6)他睡觉的时候嘴巴张得大大的。他睡觉的时候嘴巴张得大大的。He sleep _.with
35、candlesburninganightlongWithhomeworknotfinishedwithhismouthwideopen六、牢记典型模板六、牢记典型模板(一一)观点论证型观点论证型结构模板结构模板1(1)Itiswellknownthat论点.(2)Thetruthisdeepandprofound./Thetruthofitisself-evident.(3)正确性表现.(4)总结论点.(5)Many remarkable factors/reasons contribute tothis argument.(6)First of all,论据一.(7)Whatsmore/Mo
36、reover,论据二.(8)Forexample,支持论据二的事例.Inaddition/Besides,论据三.(10)All mentioned above tell us that 重申观点.(11)Therefore,thereisnodenyingthat正确态度或做法.(12)Inshort,总结全文.结构模板结构模板2(1)论点,whichhasbeengenerallyaccepted.(2)论点含义.(3)Thetruthofitisdeepandprofound.(4)Therearenumerousexamplessupportingthisargument./Manyr
37、emarkableexamplescontributetothisargument.(5)Acaseinpointis例证一.(6)Thisis close to suggest例证一的道理.(7)For anotherexample,例证二.(8)Moreover,例证三.(9)judging from the evidence offered,we mightsafelydrawtheconclusionthat重申观点.Butonethingwehavetonoticeis需要注意的问题.(11)Inshort,总结全文.(二二)问题解决型问题解决型结构模板结构模板1(1)Nowaday
38、s,itisgenerallyacceptedthat总述问题.(2)表现一.(3)表现二.(4)There are many reasons accounting for 该问题./Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothefactthat该问题is bringing great damage.(5)On the one hand/for onething,原因一/危害一.(6)Ontheotherhand/Foranother,原因二/危害二.(7)Therefore,itishightimethat解决该问题.(8)Manyawaycanbeadoptedto解决
39、该问题./Manya factor plays an important role in解 决 该 问 题.(9)Firstly/Firstofall,方法一/因素一.(10)Secondly/Inaddition,方法二/因素二.(11)Thirdly/Besides/Moreover,方 法 三/因 素 三.(12)Onlythroughtheseways/Onlyinthisway该问题才能够解决.结构模板结构模板2(1)Recently,therehasbeenadiscussionabout总述该问题./Nowadays,it has become a commonphenomeno
40、n总述该问题.(2)危害一/原因一.Additionally,危害二/原因二.(4)Therefore,itishightimethat解决该问题.(5)Thefollowingwayscanbeadoptedto解决该问题./Someeffectivemeasureshavebeentakento解决该问题./Manyafactorplaysanimportantrolein解决该问题.(6)Firstly/First of all,方法一/因素一.(7)Secondly/Inaddition,方 法 二/因 素 二.(8)Thirdly/Besides/Moreover,方法三/因素三.(
41、9)Onlythroughtheseways/Onlyinthisway该问题才能够解决.(10)There is no doubt that解决该问题的意义.(11)Asforme,我的建议或看法.(12)总结观点.(三三)现象解释型现象解释型结构模板结构模板1(1)From the chart/graph/table/picture,we clearlylearnthat总述社会现象/事实,whichhasarousedgreat/commonconcern.(2)Whatimpressesusmostis图 表 中 重 点 数 据.(3)There are many reasonsacc
42、ountingfor现象或变化.(4)Firstofall/Tobeginwith,原因一.(5)whatismore/Moreover,原因二.(6)进一步说明原因二.(7)Inaddition/Besides,原因三 .(8)Therefore/Asaresult,总结原因导致的结果.(9)Astome/AsfarasIamconcerned,我的观点.(10)Foronething/Ontheonehand,影 响 一/问 题 一.(11)Foranother/Ontheotherhand,影响二/问题二.Thus/Inbrief/Toconclude,总结观点.结构模板结构模板2(1)
43、Asisshown/described/depictedinthecartoon/picture,图表内容概括(2)Inthefirstpicture,描述图表一内容(如果是一个图表，则左或上半部分)(3)Asisshownintheseconddrawing/followingpictures,描述图表二内容(如果是二个图表，则或右或下半部分)(4)Itissafetodrawtheconclusionthat揭示寓意(或主题句，回应主题但不是主题句的重复)(描述图表段描述图表段)(5)Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthisphenomenon/case/
44、instanceandthefollowingarethetypicalones.(6)Thefirstreasonisthat理理由由一一(7)Thesecondreasonisthat理理由由二二(8)Thethirdmasonisthat/Acaseinpointisthat/Thetypicalexampleisthat理由三理由三(说明原因段说明原因段)(9)In order to improve the situation/To sumuptheaboveargument/Confrontedwithsuchanissue/aproblem,weshouldfindseverals
45、olutionstoit/needtotakesoxpositivemeasures.(10)Ontheonehand/Foronethingweshould方方法法建建议议一一(11)Ontheotherhand/Foranother,方方法法建建议议二二(12)Therefore/Thus/Onlyinthisway,can总总结结句句(个人观点段个人观点段)模板示例模板示例Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofabout150words.Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationprovide
46、dandmeettherequirementbelow:1.Interpretthefollowingpictures.2.Giveyourreasonstothisphenomenon.(1)As is shown in the picture,the situation ofcollege students employment is worsening,as it ishardforthemtobeacceptedbyanemployerupongraduation.(2)Inthetwobarpictureswecanseethatthenumberofbothcollegegradu
47、atesandpostgraduates increased from 1990 to 2001.(3)As isshowninthefollowingpictures,nearly50,000,or10%ofcollegegraduatesinthecitybecomejoblessintheyear2001.(4)Itissafetodrawtheconclusionthatcollegestudents,oncetheGodfavoredfew,arenowintheirhardtimes.(5)Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthisphenomeno
48、nandthefollowingarethetypicalones.(6)Thefirstreasonisthatthecityseconomicstructureischangingsofastthatmanycollegegraduatesarenotreadyforthechallenge.(7)Thesecondreasonisthattypeofeconomyhasbeenchanged to the knowledge economy that features high andnewtechnologiesandmodernmanagement.Therequirementtog
49、raduatesismoreandmorehigh.(8)Thethirdreasonisthatmanyuniversitiesfailedtochangetheireducationplanstomeetthesocietysneeds,sothattheywillnotbeabletoproducestudentsfullyprepared.Asaresult,itisnothardtoseethatmanystudentscannotfindajobthatmatchestheirmajors.(9)In order to improve the situation,we should
50、 findseveralsolutionstoit.(10)Foronething,theunemploymentratewillcontinuetofallasmoreandmoregraduateschoosetofurthertheireducation.(11)Foranother,collegegraduatesshouldbeencouragedtotakethepostwhichmaynotmatchestheirmajorsandkeeplearningintheprocessofpractice.(12)Onlyinthisway,cancollegestudentsfind