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1、1-1第一天第一天 CCNA1-2协议基础1-3OSI Model OverviewOSI Model OverviewData Flow LayersTransportData-Link NetworkPhysicalApplication(Upper)LayersSessionPresentationApplication1-4Role of Application LayersRole of Application LayersTelnetFTPUser InterfaceExamplesApplication1-5TelnetFTPASCIIEBCDICJPEGUser Interfa
2、ceHow data is presentedSpecial processing such as encryptionExamplesPresentationApplicationRole of Application LayersRole of Application Layers1-6TelnetFTPASCIIEBCDICJPEGKeeping different applications data separateUser InterfaceHow data is presentedSpecial processing such as encryptionOperating Syst
3、em/Application Access SchedulingExamplesSessionPresentationApplicationRole of Application LayersRole of Application Layers1-7Keeping different applications data separateUser interfaceHow data is presentedSpecial processing such as encryptionTelnetFTPASCIIEBCDICJPEGOperating System/Application Access
4、 SchedulingTransportData-Link NetworkPhysicalExamplesSessionPresentationApplicationRole of Application LayersRole of Application Layers1-8Role of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow LayersEIA/TIA-232V.35ExamplesPhysical Move bits between devicesSpecifies voltage,wire speed,and pin-out cables1-9802.3/8
5、02.2HDLCEIA/TIA-232V.35ExamplesRole of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow LayersData LinkPhysical Combines bits into bytes and bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC addressError detection not correctionMove bits between devicesSpecifies voltage,wire speed,and pin-out cables1-10802.3/802.2HDLCEIA
6、/TIA-232V.35IPIPXExamplesRole of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow LayersNetwork Data LinkPhysical Combines bits into bytes and bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC addressError detection not correctionMove bits between devicesSpecifies voltage,wire speed,and pin-out cablesProvide logical addr
7、essing that routers use for path determination1-11TCPUDPSPX802.3/802.2HDLCEIA/TIA-232V.35IPIPXExamplesRole of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow LayersTransport Data LinkPhysical Reliable or unreliable deliveryError correction before retransmitCombines bits into bytes and bytes into framesAccess to m
8、edia using MAC addressError detection not correctionMove bits between devicesSpecifies voltage,wire speed,and pin-out cablesNetwork Provide logical addressing that routers use for path determination1-12TCPUDPSPX802.3/802.2HDLCEIA/TIA-232V.35IPIPXPresentationApplicationSessionExamplesRole of Data Flo
9、w LayersRole of Data Flow LayersReliable or unreliable deliveryError correction before retransmitCombines bits into bytes and bytes into framesAccess to media using MAC addressError detection,not correctionMove bits between devicesSpecifies voltage,wire speed,and pinout cablesTransport Data-LinkPhys
10、ical Network Provide logical addressing that routers use for path determination1-13Encapsulating DataEncapsulating DataTransport Data-LinkPhysical Network Upper-Layer DataUpper-Layer DataTCP HeaderDataIP HeaderDataLLC Header0101110101001000010DataMAC HeaderPresentationApplicationSessionSegmentPacket
11、BitsFramePDUFCSFCS1-14Upper-Layer DataDe-encapsulating DataDe-encapsulating DataLLC Hdr+IP+TCP+Upper-Layer DataMAC HeaderIP+TCP+Upper-Layer DataLLC HeaderTCP+Upper-Layer DataIP HeaderUpper-Layer DataTCP Header0101110101001000010Transport Data-LinkPhysical Network PresentationApplicationSession1-15TC
12、P/IP Protocol StackTCP/IP Protocol Stack7654325432ApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkData-LinkPhysical1ApplicationTransportInternetData-LinkPhysical11-16Application Layer OverviewApplication Layer Overview*Used by the RouterApplicationTransportInternetData-LinkPhysicalFile Transfer-TFTP*-
13、FTP*-NFSE-Mail-SMTPRemote Login-Telnet*-rlogin*Network Management-SNMP*Name Management-DNS*1-17Transport Layer OverviewTransport Layer OverviewTransmission ControlProtocol(TCP)User Datagram Protocol(UDP)ApplicationTransportInternetData-LinkPhysicalConnection-OrientedConnectionless1-18TCP Segment For
14、matTCP Segment FormatSource Port(16)Destination Port(16)Sequence Number(32)HeaderLength(4)Acknowledgment Number(32)Reserved(6)Code Bits(6)Window(16)Checksum(16)Urgent(16)Options(0 or 32 if Any)Data(Varies)20BytesBit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 311-19Port NumbersPort NumbersTCPPort NumbersFTPTransportLayerTELNE
15、TDNSSNMPTFTPSMTPUDPApplicationLayer2123255369161RIP5201-20TCP Port NumbersTCP Port NumbersSourcePortDestinationPortHost A102823SPDPHost ZTelnet ZDestination port=23.Send packet to my Telnet application.1-21Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN ReceivedHost AHost BTCP Three-Way TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Co
16、nnectionHandshake/Open Connection11-22Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN ReceivedSend SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)Host AHost BSYN Received12TCP Three-Way TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open Connection1-23Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN ReceivedSend SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ac
17、k)Established(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)Host AHost B123SYN ReceivedTCP Three-Way TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open Connection1-24TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow Size=1 Sender Receiver1-25TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow Size=1 Sender
18、 ReceiverSend 1Receive 11-26TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow Size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 21-27TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow Size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 21-28TCP Simple Ac
19、knowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow Size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 31-29TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow Size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send AC
20、K 3Send 3Receive 31-30Window Size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3Send 3Receive 3Receive ACK 4Send ACK 4TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple Acknowledgment1-31TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersSo
21、urcePortDestinationPortSequenceAcknowledgmentSource Dest.Seq.Ack.102823101I justsent number10.1-32TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersI just got number 10,now I need number 11.SourcePortDestinationPortSequenceAcknowledgment102823Source Dest.1010Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.1111Seq.1Ack.I justsent n
22、umber 10.1-33TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDestinationPortSequenceAcknowledgment102823Source Dest.1111Seq.2Ack.102823Source Dest.1010Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.1111Seq.1Ack.I just got number10,now I need number 11.I justsent number11.1-34TCP
23、Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDestinationPortSequenceAcknowledgment102823Source Dest.1111Seq.101Ack.102823Source Dest.1010Seq.100Ack.102823Source Dest.1111Seq.100Ack.102823Source Dest.1212Seq.101Ack.I just got number11,now I need number 12.I just
24、sent number11.1-35TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderReceiver1-36TCP WindowingTCP WindowingWindow Size=3Send 2SenderReceiverWindow Size=3Send 1Window Size=3Send 31-37Window Size=3Send 2TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderWindow Size=3Send 1Window Size=3Send 3ACK 3Window Size=2Packet 3 IsDroppedReceiver1-38
25、Window Size=3Send 2TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderWindow Size=3Send 1Window Size=3Send 3ACK 3Window Size=2Packet 3 IsDroppedWindow Size=3Send 4Window Size=3Send 3Receiver1-39Window Size=3Send 2TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderWindow Size=3Send 1Window Size=3Send 3ACK 3Window Size=2Packet 3 IsDropped
26、Window Size=3Send 4Window Size=3Send 3ACK 5Window Size=2ReceiverWindow Size=31-40No sequence or acknowledgment fieldsUDP Segment FormatUDP Segment FormatSource Port(16)Destination Port(16)Length(16)Data(if Any)1Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31Checksum(16)8Bytes1-41Internet Layer OverviewInternet Layer Overvi
27、ewIn the OSI reference model,the network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer.Internet Protocol(IP)Internet Control MessageProtocol(ICMP)Address ResolutionProtocol(ARP)Reverse AddressResolution Protocol(RARP)ApplicationTransportInternetData-LinkPhysical1-42IP DatagramIP DatagramVersion(4)D
28、estination IP Address(32)Options(0 or 32 if Any)Data(Varies if Any)1Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31HeaderLength(4)Priority&Type of Service(8)Total Length(16)Identification(16)Flags(3)Fragment Offset(13)Time-to-Live(8)Protocol(8)Header Checksum(16)Source IP Address(32)20Bytes1-43Determines destination upper-
29、layer protocol Protocol FieldProtocol FieldTransportLayerInternetLayerTCPUDPProtocolNumbersIP1761-44Internet Control Message Internet Control Message ProtocolProtocolApplicationTransportInternetData-LinkPhysicalDestination UnreachableEcho(Ping)OtherICMP11-45Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolut
30、ion Protocol172.16.3.1172.16.3.2IP:172.16.3.2=?I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1-46Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol172.16.3.1172.16.3.2IP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1-4
31、7Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolMap IP MAC Local ARP172.16.3.1IP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 172.16.3.2IP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1-48Not Local ARPRouter AExample 2:De
32、stination not localHost ZHost YQueryResponseRouting Table:Net forHost ZMap IP EthernetBroadcastHost YMAC172.16.3.1IP:172.16.3.1 MAC?Host YMACRouter AMACIP:172.16.3.1 Ethernet:0000.0c12.3456I want access theHost Z.172.16.3.210.1.1.51-49Reverse ARPReverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP a
33、ddress?1-50Reverse ARPReverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1-51Reverse ARPReverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111IP:172.16.3.25Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3
34、.25.1-52Reverse ARPReverse ARP Map MAC IPEthernet:0800.0020.1111IP:172.16.3.25Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1-53Unique addressing allows communication between end stations.Path choice is based on destination address.Location i
35、s represented by an addressIntroduction to TCP/IP Introduction to TCP/IP AddressesAddresses172.18.0.2172.18.0.1172.17.0.2172.17.0.1172.16.0.2172.16.0.1SA DAHDRDATA10.13.0.0192.168.1.010.13.0.1192.168.1.11-54IP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost32 Bits1-55IP AddressingIP Address
36、ing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111Binary32 Bits18 916 1724 25321286432168421128643216842112864321684211-56IP AddressingIP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 10101100
37、 00010000 01111010 11001100Binary32 Bits 172 16 122 204ExampleDecimalExampleBinary18 916 1724 25321286432168421128643216842112864321684211-57Class A:Class B:Class C:Class D:Multicast Class E:ResearchIP Address ClassesIP Address ClassesNetworkHostHostHostNetwork NetworkHostHostNetwork Network Network
38、Host8 Bits8 Bits8 Bits8 Bits1-58IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes1Class A:Bits:0NNNNNNNHostHostHost8 916 1724 2532Range(1-126)1Class B:Bits:10NNNNNNNetworkHostHost8 916 1724 2532Range(128-191)1Class C:Bits:110NNNNNNetworkNetworkHost8 916 17242532Range(192-223)1Class D:Bits:1110MMMMMulticast Group
39、 Multicast Group Multicast Group8 916 17242532Range(224-239)1-59Host AddressesHost Addresses172.16.2.2172.16.3.10172.16.12.1210.1.1.110.250.8.1110.180.30.118E1172.161212NetworkHost.NetworkInterface172.16.0.010.0.0.0E0E1Routing Table172.16.2.110.6.24.2E01-60 11111111Determining Available Host Determi
40、ning Available Host AddressesAddresses 172 16 0 0 10101100 00010000 00000000 0000000016151413121110 987654321NetworkHost 00000000 00000001 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110.00000000 00000011 11111101123655346553565536.265534N2N 2=216 2=655341-61IP Address Classes ExerciseIP Address Classes Exercis
41、eAddressClassNetworkHost10.2.1.1128.63.2.100201.222.5.64192.6.141.2130.113.64.16256.241.201.101-62IP Address Classes Exercise IP Address Classes Exercise AnswersAnswersAddressClassNetworkHost10.2.1.1128.63.2.100201.222.5.64192.6.141.2130.113.64.16256.241.201.10ABCCBNonexistent10.0.0.0128.63.0.0201.2
42、22.5.0192.6.141.0130.113.0.00.2.1.10.0.2.1000.0.0.640.0.0.20.0.64.161-63Network 172.16.0.0172.16.0.0Addressing Without SubnetsAddressing Without Subnets172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3.172.16.255.253 172.16.255.2541-64Network 172.16.0.0Addressing with SubnetsAddressing with Subnets172.16.1.0172.16.2
43、.0172.16.3.0172.16.4.01-65Subnet AddressingSubnet Addressing172.16.2.200172.16.2.2172.16.2.160172.16.2.1172.16.3.5172.16.3.100172.16.3.150E0172.16NetworkNetworkInterface172.16.0.0172.16.0.0E0E1New Routing Table 2160Host.172.16.3.1E11-66Subnet AddressingSubnet Addressing172.16.2.200172.16.2.2172.16.2
44、.160172.16.2.1172.16.3.5172.16.3.100172.16.3.150172.16.3.1E0E1172.162160NetworkHost.NetworkInterface172.16.2.0172.16.3.0E0E1New Routing TableSubnet1-67Subnet MaskSubnet Mask1721600255255002552552550IPAddressDefaultSubnetMask8-BitSubnetMaskNetworkHostNetworkHostNetworkSubnetHostAlso written as“/16,”w
45、here 16 represents the number of 1s in the maskAlso written as“/24,”where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask 11111111 1111111100000000000000001-68Decimal Equivalents of Bit Decimal Equivalents of Bit PatternsPatterns00000000=010000000=12811000000=19211100000=22411110000=24011111000=248111111
46、00=25211111110=25411111111=255128 64321684211-6916NetworkHost172001010110011111111101011000001000011111111000100000000000000000000101000000000000000000000Subnets not in usethe default00000010Subnet Mask Without SubnetsSubnet Mask Without Subnets172.16.2.160 255.255.0.0NetworkNumber1-70Network number
47、 extended by eight bitsSubnet Mask with SubnetsSubnet Mask with Subnets16NetworkHost172.16.2.160 255.255.255.017220101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010SubnetNetworkNumber1281922242402482522542551-71Subnet Mask with Subnets Subnet Mask with
48、Subnets(cont.)(cont.)NetworkHost172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010SubnetNetwork number extended by ten bits161722128NetworkNumber1281922242402482522542551281922242402482522542551-72Subnet Mask ExerciseSubnet Ma
49、sk ExerciseAddressSubnet MaskClassSubnet172.16.2.1010.6.24.2010.30.36.12255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.01-73Subnet Mask Exercise Subnet Mask Exercise AnswersAnswersAddressSubnet MaskClassSubnet172.16.2.1010.6.24.2010.30.36.12255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.0BAA172.16.2.010.6.16.010.30.3
50、6.01-74This approach may not fully utilize available allocation of host addresses192.168.5.129/27192.168.5.98/27192.168.5.33/27192.168.5.65/27192.168.5.97/27S1S0E1E0E0A Requirement for Only Two Host Addresses Forced to Allocate 30 Host AddressesFixed-Length Subnet Masks1-75Variable-Length Subnet Mas