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1、跨文化交际课程unit4ContentsmVerbal Communication:Culturally loaded words Cultural reflections on proverbs and taboosmNonverbal Communication:Time language Space language Body language ParalanguageWarm-up cases(verbal communication)Case 1 It is said that in Rome,in front of a shoe store,there was such a sig
2、n to attract English-speaking customers:Shoes for street walking.Come in and have a fit.The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists,but not to look at the shoes displayed in the windows,but to read the sign and then break out into laughter.The Italian shop owner did not realize t
3、hat a street walker means a prostitute,while to have a fit does not mean to have a try,but to become suddenly and violently angry or upset.No wonder the amusement and laughter!Question:Why did the Italian shop owner make such a mistake?Case 2Roger was the Personnel Executive(人事执行员)of a large America
4、n multinational firm.In 1996,Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business.One evening,there was a party,attended by both his employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people.At the party,Roger bumped into Rosalita,a Brazilian woman he had known for some time.Roger ge
5、nerally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her,so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts,and talk about Brazil and Brazilian life without having the worries of offending Rosalita.During the party,Rosalita said to Roger,Id like to introduce you to
6、 one of my good friends.She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family.She is very much interested in your company.Hearing that,Roger smiled and replied,Ok,but I just hope I dont get hustled.Unfortunately,Ro
7、gers replay made Rosalita quite upset.Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could,and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.Question for discussion:Roger was confused by Rosalitas behavior.Could you give him an explanation?CommentmThe problem resulted from the misunderstand
8、ing of the word hustle.mIn colloquial American English,there are at least two meanings for the word hustle.As a Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm,Roger must have attended many parties.At these parties,he will always encounter people eager to get a job from him in his company
9、,so he often gets hustled.This is just what Roger was implying to Rosalita regarding her friend.mHowever the word hustle has another meaning in which romance or sex is hinted.Rosalita must have thought Roger was referring to this and considered it as an insult to her friend.Culturally loaded wordsmW
10、hatisculturallyloadedwords?Loaded words and phrases are those which have strong emotional overtones(n.暗示，弦外音，寓意)or connotations(n.涵义，言外之意),and which evoke strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.Can you find the equivalent words in English for these Chinese words?龙-drago
11、n干部-cadre社会科学-socialscienceorthehumanitiesInterpretations1.龙 In Chinese culture,it is a totem with many royal associations and a symbol of power and prosperity.In English culture,dragon refers to horrible,disgusting monsters.2.2.干部干部In Chinese culture,it represents a small group of people who are sp
12、ecially chosen and trained for a particular purpose.In English culture,many people dont know what it means.It is not a common word.There are Some other substitutes like official,functionary,administrator,etc.4.4.社会科学社会科学 Social Sciences in Chinese covers all the fields except the ones in the natural
13、 science and applied sciences.Same as“the humanities”in English.While in English,“social sciences”cover a smaller area of learning.It includes political science,economics,history(often classified under the humanities)and sociology.Questions for discussionmWhat makes the different understandings of t
14、he words that are considered the same in surface?mHow can we define the word meaning?According to Semantics,the meaning of one content word is composed of connotation meaning and denotation meaning Connotation meaning is literal meaning while denotation meaning is associated with some social factors
15、,such as culture.Proverbs The proverbs that we can find the equal version both in Chinese and EnglishmMan proposes,God disposes 尽人事，听天命。/谋事在人，成事在天mIt is a sin to steal a pin 勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为mRevenge is a dish that could be eaten cold 君子报仇，十年不晚mEvery dog has its day 风水轮流转Theproverbsthatwecannotfindthe
16、equalversions.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行一人得道，鸡犬升天An apple a day keeps the doctor awayLet sleeping dogs lie Lightening never strikes the same place twiceLightening never strikes the same place twice There are more than two Chinese versions:福无双至?or 祸不单行?or 坏事不过二?Please choose the proper words for each phrase har
17、e horse snail mouse bee mule as busy as a _ as slow as a _ as stubborn as a _ as timid as a _as strong as a _as poor as a church _ beesnailmuleharehorsemouseTaboos Definition:a cultural or religious custom that does not allow people to do,use or talk about a particular thing as people find it offens
18、ive or embarrassing.DiemGo or departmdepart from this worldmgo to a better worldmgo the ways of all fleshmpass awaymlate In Chinese,we also can find similar euphemisms:“去了”,“离开了我们”,“辞世”,“去见马克思了”,“归西”,“升天”,“上路”Nonverbal Communication What is nonverbal communication?The process by which nonverbalbehav
19、iors are used,either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors.Functions of nonverbal communicationCase 3 Left in the cold Katherine came to Beijing in 2010 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute.Soon after her classes began,she found that her students showed no i
20、nterest in her teaching style.Quite a few of them avioded attending her class.She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director,Prof.Wang,for help.Prof.Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten oclock on Thursday morning.When Thursday came,Katherine arri
21、ved at Prof.Wangs office at the exactly ten oclock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese.Seeing that she had come,Prof.Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down.Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher.After five minutes,he finish
22、ed his conversation,and apologized to katherine,and began to focus his attention on her situation.Prof.Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was.Just as she was discussing her problem,another Chinese teacher interrupted,with a form that required the Directors signature.The Directo
23、r smiled,apologized to Katherine again,and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese.katherine became impatient,and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment.Also,she was upset and frustrated that they continued,she was apparently unhappy about wh
24、at had happened.How should you explain the Directors behavior toward Katherine?How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?Four types of nonverbal communicationmTime languagemMonochronic Time:punctuality and promptness It is usually found in Northern American,W
25、estern and Northern European Cultures.mPolychronic Time:more flexible and human-centered It is usually found in Latin American,African,Arab and most Asian cultures.Space language Spatial language refers to body distance and body touch.They vary with different cultures.Lets take the north American Zo
26、nes of Space for example:(1)Intimate distance:0-45 centimeters (2)Personal distance:45-80 centimeters(friends,acquaintances and relatives)(3)Social distance:1.30 meters-3 meters(colleagues,busniesspartner,social gatherings)(4)Public distance:farther than 2 or 3 meters(generally for speakers in publi
27、c and for teachers in classrooms)Body distance in different culturesmShort MShort Mediterranean Europeansediterranean Europeans Northern EuropeansNorthern Europeans Japanese JapanesemMedium Medium Latins Latins Americans AmericansmLong Long Mediterranean ArabsMediterranean ArabsTouch Culture VS.Non-
28、touch CulturemTouch Touch Culture:Culture:Cultures Cultures of of Arabs,Arabs,Southern Southern and Western Europeans,Jews and Latinsand Western Europeans,Jews and LatinsmNon-touch Non-touch Culture:Culture:Cultures Cultures of of Americans,Americans,Northern Northern Europeans Europeans and and Ori
29、entalsOrientalsBody LanguageBody language refers to the non-verbal behavior related to movement,either of any part of the body,or the body as a whole.In short all communicative body movements are generally classified as body language.It can be classified into five types:posture,gestures,facial expre
30、ssion,eye contact and smell.1.postureWhat does their posture means?The same posture in different cultures In US,this posture means comfortable and friendly;In US,this posture means comfortable and friendly;In In Arab Arab and and Thailand,Thailand,the the sole sole should should never never be be po
31、inted pointed in in the direction of another persothe direction of another person;n;In In GermanyGermany,SwedenSweden or or ChinaChina,it it is is a a sign sign of of rudeness rudeness and and poor manerspoor maners.2.gesturesIfwewanttopointtoobjectsandpeople,wehavedifferentwaysindifferentculturesas
32、following:In German,we use the gesture on left picture and the gesture on right picture in Japan to convey the same meanig.US:this gesture is OKIn China:this gesture is rudeLatin American countries and Germany:obsceneUS:OKTunisian:I will kill you.Japan and Korea:moneyArabs:(a baring of teeth)extreme
33、 hostility Nodding the headIn north America:up and down:I agreeIn the Middle EastNodding the head down:I agree up:I disagreeIn Japan:I am listening.Sign of telling sb to come closerChineseAmerican3.Facial expressionsSadnessmMediterranean coultures:exaggerate signs of grief or sadnessmen crying in pu
34、blicmAmerican:suppress the emotionsmJapanese:hide expressions of anger,sorrow,or disappointmentlaughing or smilingmChinese:control emotionssaving faceSmilemAmerican:a sign of happiness or friendly affirmationmJapanese:mask an emotion or avoid answering a questionmKorean:too much smiling a shallow pe
35、rsonmThailand:the land of Smiles4.Eye contactNorth Americans:direct eye contact means a sign of honesty If not,a sign of untruthfulness,shame or embarrassmentChinese:avoid long direct eye contact to show politeness,or respect,or obedienceJapanese:prolonged eye contact is considered rude,threatening
36、and disrespectful.Latin American and Caribbean people:avoid a sign of respect5.SmellmFilipinos:sensory-information gatheringmAmericans:feel umcomfortable with natural smellsmMany other cultures:natural odor is normalParalanguage Voice modulation carries very strong emotional overtones;mTempo in spee
37、ch also illustrates cultural variation and can serve as an emotional indication;mVolume varies with situations and across cultures;mSilence is another element in voice modulation that indicates cultural divergence.It is interpreted as evidence of passivity,ingorance,apathy or hesitation in the Ameri
38、can culture.AssignmentRead the stories and answer the questions:(1)In 1959,Khrushchev,leader of the former Soviet Union,visited the United States.While boarding his plane to leave for the Soviet Union,he held up both of his hands,With one hand he gestured a V sign with his index finger and his middl
39、e finger,with the other a fist.He meant to show his respect to the American leaders and the news reporters.The next day,this picture was published on the front page of some American newspapers.Khrushchevs gestures were interpreted by the United States as the victory of the Soviet Union over the Unit
40、ed States,causing a great political issue.(2)Nixon,past president of the United States,once paid a visit to Brazil.While he was disembarking the plane,he made a gesture of OK,which angered and insulted the Brazilians.The American gesture of OK is considered obscene in Brazil.In the end,Nixon formally apologized to the Brazilians.Could you give more examples of gestures with different meanings?此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢