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1、跨文化交际课程unit5ContentmCultural Values Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western ValuesmCultural Dimensions Power Distance Individualism Versus Collectivism Masculinity Versus Feminity Uncertainty AvoidanceWarm-up casesCase 1 Ive Not Considered Marriage Yet John,28 years old,an Australian Studying
2、Chinese in Beijing,met Li Hua at a dance party.Li Hua,22,took an instant liking to John the first time they met.As time went on,they saw more and more of each other.After six months or so,Li Hua suggested that John meet her parents.Since this was the first time John had visited a Chinese family,he b
3、ecame quite nervous the moment he was introduced to Li Huas parents,elder sister and sister-in-law.Soon after serving him some Chinese tea and fruit,Li Huas mother began questioning John about his background,his family and relatives,as well as his economic status.John did his best to answer all of t
4、he questions,sometimes on broken Chinese.A few minutes later,Li Huas father turned toward John,and asked a very direct question.He wanted John to tell him when he would marry Li Hua and where he was going to live and work.John,being a bit surprised at the question,replied that he hadnt thought about
5、 marriage.Li Huas father got very upset and angry.He stamped his foot and asked John to leave.As John was about to leave,Li Huas father warned him against seeing his daughter again.John left,without knowing what he had done to enrage the family.QuestionQuestion:How would you explain to Li Huas paren
6、ts about the relationship between Li Hua and John?How could you explain to John Li Huas parents behavior?Case 2 Feeling Left-out After graduating from Beijing International Studies University,Chen Liang Pursued an MA program at a university in Boston,the U.S.Early in the program.One day after class,
7、his American friend,Dick,asked Chen to join him in the university cafeteria.On their way they ran into Dicks girlfriend,Lisa,who was on her way to lecture.Walking shoulder to shoulder,Dick and Lisa carried on an intimate conversation,as if they hadnt seen each other for ages.Meanwhile,Chen Liang was
8、 walking behind them,not taking part in the conversation.When they were nearing the cafeteria Lisa said she had to leave for the lecture.Dick embraced her and gave her a long and passionate kiss.Seeing this,Chen turned away and walked off toward the cafeteria.When Dick looked up,he saw Chen walking
9、into the cafeteria.Dick was puzzled as to why Chen didnt wait for him,and went to the cafeteria alone.Question for discussion Could you expain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria without waiting for him?mcomment:comment:In public,the norms of expressing ones feeling and affections towar
10、d the opposite sex varies across culture.In Asia and some countries around the Mediterranean Sea,it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public,but not between the opposite sexes,especially in front of the friends.Chen left because he felt awkward witnessing them hugging and
11、kissing.This shows that Dick knows nothing about the natural response of the Chinese to certain behaviors.Similarly,Chen Liangs behavior shows that he is also in the dark about American behaviors.So.What do these cases inspire us?Cultural Values,Cultural DimensionWhy do we need to contrast Cultural
12、Values?Resolve conflicts,explain and understand cultural similarities and differences in behaviors.Culture Value A value can be defined as a conception,explicit or implicit,distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group,of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes,
13、means,and ends of actions.Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values(broad sense)mDifferences in expressing gratitude Chinese:seldom express their gratitude in public or in words Westerners:openly and directly express their gratitude Can you give some examples according to your experiences
14、?Differences in symbolization Symbolization is how people image or regard something.It actually reflects the way people think.For example:Red means luck and fortune in most Eastern cultures but stands for blood,revolution in the West.Blue means something noble or significant in the Western culture.D
15、ifferences in attitude toward womenLadies First has a long history in the West.But in China there is no such a tradition.In China,it is normally the elderly man who gets the service first,because hierarchy is prevalent in China and it is the elderly or the superior who is supposed to get special res
16、pect.Cultural DimensionsPower Distance(权力距离)Individualism VS Collectivism(个人主义和集体主义)Masculinity VS Feminity(男性气质与女性气质)Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避)Two types of power distancemSmall Power Distance Culture It values horizontal relationships where everyone is on a level playing field.For example,while
17、a boss has power and authority,he must be careful to respect workers and share the benefits of that power whenever possible.There is a strong sense of what is fair,and when workers sense they are being treated unfairly,they feel free to complain and negotiate to improve their situation.mLarge Power
18、Distance Culture Large power distance culture emphasizes the unequal distribution of power in institutions and organization in a hierarchy of privilege.Members of large power distance culture will usually be quite,soft-spoken,and polite,whether they are powerful individuals or not.Countries such as
19、China,Malaysia,South Korea,Mexico,Indonesia,Pakistan,India,and Japan,enjoy large power distance culture.In these societies,people respect formal hierarchical authority,and employees violate the superiors command.Individualism VS CollectivismmIndividualistic cultureculture believes that people are su
20、pposed to take care of themselves and remain emotionally independent of groups,organizations,or other collectives.Characteristics of Individualistic CultureCharacteristics of Individualistic Culture Ones success is attributed to his own ability;Self is defined as individual entity;One knows more abo
21、ut self than others;Self-assuredness is valued;Autonomy and independence is valued;One has few obligations to others;Confrontation(对抗)is acceptable.mCollectivistCollectivist cultureculture emphasizes the ingroups,such as the organization or the extended family.Collectivists values harmony and avoid
22、direct confrontation.Characteristics of Collectivist CultureCharacteristics of Collectivist Culture Groups are major units of social perception;Others behavior is explained by group norms;Success is attributed to the help of group;Self is defined in terms of groups;Ingroup goal is over personal goal
23、;Modesty and Interdependence is valued;Ostracism is feared;one has strong connections to a few groups.Masculinity(男性气质)VS Femininity(女性气质)Expressions related to two genders:Men are from Mars,women are from Venus.Therere three types of human beings:men,women and women doctors.Man and woman are like t
24、wo hedgehogs in winter:too close,get hurt;too far away,get lonely and cold.Is it possible to get a confidante or confidant in realityIs it possible to get a confidante or confidant in reality?The differences between the gender and sexThe differences between the gender and sexsexsexgendergenderBiolog
25、icalPermanentIndividual propertySocially constructedVaried over time and across culturesSocial and relational qualitySex is determined by genetics and biology,while gender is produced by society.The communication cultures of Feminine and Masculinem Girls interaction Be cooperative,collaborative,and
26、inclusive Dont criticize or outdo others Pay attention to others feelings and needsmBoys interaction Assert yourself Focus on outcomes Be competitiveDifferences Between Feminine and Masculine Communication CulturesFeminine Talk 1.Use talk to build and sustain rapport with others.2.Share yourself and
27、 learn about others through disclosing 3.Use talk to create symmetry or equality between people 4.Matching experiences with others shows understanding and empathy 5.To support others,express understanding of their feelings.6.Include others in conversation by asking their opinions and encouraging the
28、m to elaborate.Masculine Talk1.Use talk to assert yourself and your ideas.2.Personal disclosures can make you vulnerable3.Use talk to establish your status and power4.Matching experiences is a competitive strategy to command attention.5.To support others,do something helpful6.Dont share the talk sta
29、ge with others,wrest it from them with communication.Interrupt others to make your own points.Characteristics of Masculine CulturemThere is a high occupational segregation by gendermGender inequality is commonmCareers for males are mandatorymFew women are in powerful jobsmAccomplishments are highly
30、valuedmHigh level of job-related stressmPeople are highly competitivemPeople are task-orientedmThe art of combat is valuedmThe bigger,the bettermFamily and work life are separatedmOne lives to workWhich areas belong to this type of social culture?Janpan,Austria,Mexico,and ArgentinaCharacteristics of
31、 Feminine CulturemThere is little occupational segregation by gendermThere is relative gender equalitymCareers for males are optionalmMore women are in powerful jobsmNurturing is highly valuedmThe level of job-related stress is lowmPeople are highly cooperativemPeople are relationship-orientedmThe a
32、rt of compromise is valued mThe smaller,the more beautifulmConcern for family issues is present in workplacemOne works to live Which areas belong to this type of social culture?The Scandinavian countries,Portugal,Spain,and several Pan-American nations.Uncertainty AvoidancemIt refers to the lack of t
33、olerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-level organization structure.Low Uncertainty Avoidance(低度不确定性规避)mCultures of low uncertainty have less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and have more tolerance for a variety of opinions.This is reflected in a societ
34、y that is less rule-oriented,more readily accepts change,and takes more and greater risks.Which countries do you think belong to this type?Which countries do you think belong to this type?The United States,Canada,Great Britain,and several African nations etc.Characteristics of Culture of Low Uncerta
35、inty Avoidance in businessmEmployees are willing to have their pension funds invested in the stock market rather than a low interest-bearing account.mEmployees are more willing to experiment with new techniques and proceduresmEmployees are not as threatened by workers from other countries as are tho
36、se from high-uncertainty avoidance culturesmEmployees are better able to function in meeting with a loose agendamEmployees have a preference for a broad set of guidelines rather than a formal set of rules and regulations.mEmployees are more likely to function effectively in work teamHigh Uncertainty
37、 AvoidancemCultures of high uncertainty avoidance have a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.This creats a rule-oriented society that institutes laws,rules,regulations,and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty.mTo prevent uncertainty societies set up laws and rules.In compani
38、es,duties and rights(Internal and external)are controlled by authorities.Some cultures tend to have strong uncertainty avoidance like France.mIn France many strict regulations are used and tasks are heavily centralized in companies.There will be a much higher demand for details when creating a contr
39、act.This is to avoid any circumstances which could cause any kind of uncertainty.Organizing is therefore rather inflexible concerning changes which occur in business life.AssignmentDecide whether the following statements are true(T)or(F)_ Gender is the Cultural meaning of sex._ Sex and gender are sy
40、nonymous._ A lady might be feminine,masculine or a combination of both_ Women are generally comfortabel with building close relationships and confiding to others,while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure._ Most men use communication to creat connection or equality between people._
41、 Women usually use communication to establish status and power.TTFTFFCultural Puzzles1.a)and b)No.Both these questions include strong judgements.Also,Maya does not explain clearly what behavior caused her to make negative judgements about Janice.Therefore,Mayas fiiend cannot give Maya a help answer.
42、c)Yes.This quetion can help Maya get a good cultural explanation of Janices behavior.Maya will probably have to add more information,such as,Janice smiled a lot when she was talking to Jack today.2.a)No.This statement is very judgemental,and Mayas friend will not know what she is referring to.b)No.M
43、aya is making a judgement with this question,and she is not describing the particular situation that she observed.c)Yes.Maya describes the situation in this statement and asks if Janices behavior is typical without making judgemental conclusions.3.a)Yes.This tells Janice the situation and asks for a
44、n explanation for her confusion.b)and c)No.These questions contain judgement and they cannot elicit helpful answers without explaining the reason for such judgement.4.a)and b)No.Maya is making a strong judgement with these questions from her own cultural point of view.c)Yes.This question does not contain judgement and it just asks for information.此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢