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1、小儿哮喘小儿哮喘小儿哮喘小儿哮喘Asthma in Asthma in childrenchildren吉林大学第一医院小儿呼吸科吉林大学第一医院小儿呼吸科成焕吉成焕吉斯诺西尔斯诺西尔 一、概述一、概述一、概述一、概述 Asthma is a serious global health problem.People of allAsthma is a serious global health problem.People of allages in countries throughout the world are affected by thisages in countries thr
2、oughout the world are affected by thischronic airway disorder that,when uncontrolled,can placechronic airway disorder that,when uncontrolled,can placesevere limits on daily life and is sometimes fatal.severe limits on daily life and is sometimes fatal.The prevalence of asthma is increasing in most T
3、he prevalence of asthma is increasing in most countries,countries,especially among childrenespecially among children.Asthma is a significant burden,not only in terms of Asthma is a significant burden,not only in terms ofhealth care costs but also of lost productivity and reducedhealth care costs but
4、 also of lost productivity and reducedparticipation in family life.participation in family life.一、概述一、概述全球全球3 3亿哮喘患者亿哮喘患者20052005年年400400万人死于慢性呼吸疾病万人死于慢性呼吸疾病可预防可预防,可治疗可治疗存在问题:预防不够、认识不足、诊存在问题:预防不够、认识不足、诊断不足和治疗不足。断不足和治疗不足。Asthma Prevalence and MortalitySourceSource:Masoli M et al.Allergy 2004:Masoli M
5、 et al.Allergy 200419881990年年 我国我国014岁儿童患病率岁儿童患病率为为0.11%2.03%2000年年 儿童哮喘患病率为儿童哮喘患病率为0.12%3.34%,平均为平均为1.54西藏、青海患病率低西藏、青海患病率低,重庆、上海高重庆、上海高714岁年龄组哮喘的患病率有显著增加岁年龄组哮喘的患病率有显著增加16既往从未考虑喘息问题,既往从未考虑喘息问题,50的哮的哮喘患儿在发病后喘患儿在发病后3年才得到正确诊断年才得到正确诊断二、哮喘的定义二、哮喘的定义二、哮喘的定义二、哮喘的定义Definition of AsthmaDefinition of Asthma A
6、sthma is a disorder defined by its Asthma is a disorder defined by its clinical,physiological,and pathological clinical,physiological,and pathological characteristics.characteristics.The predominant feature of the clinical The predominant feature of the clinical history is episodic shortness of brea
7、th,history is episodic shortness of breath,particularly at night,often accompanied particularly at night,often accompanied by cough.by cough.Definition of Definition of AsthmaAsthma Wheezing appreciated on auscultation of Wheezing appreciated on auscultation of the the chestchest is is the the mostm
8、ost common common physical physical finding.finding.The main physiological feature of asthma The main physiological feature of asthma is episodic airwayis episodic airway obstruction characterized obstruction characterized by expiratory airflow limitation.by expiratory airflow limitation.TheThe domi
9、nantdominant pathological pathological feature feature is is airway inflammation,airway inflammation,sometimes associated sometimes associated with airway structural changes.with airway structural changes.DefinitionDefinition Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of Asthma is a chronic inflammat
10、ory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role.The chronic inflammation elements play a role.The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness that leads
11、 to recurrent episodes of wheezing,that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing,breathlessness,chest tightness,and coughing,breathlessness,chest tightness,and coughing,particularly at night or in the early morning.particularly at night or in the early morning.These episodes are usually associated wi
12、th These episodes are usually associated with widespread,but variable,airflow obstruction widespread,but variable,airflow obstruction w i t h i n t h e l u n g t h a t i s o f t e nw i t h i n t h e l u n g t h a t i s o f t e nreversible either spontaneously or with treatment.reversible either spon
13、taneously or with treatment.哮喘的定义哮喘的定义 支气管哮喘是由多种细胞支气管哮喘是由多种细胞,包括炎症细胞包括炎症细胞(嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、(嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、T T淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞等)、气道结构(平滑肌细胞和气道性粒细胞等)、气道结构(平滑肌细胞和气道上皮细胞等)和细胞组分共同参与的上皮细胞等)和细胞组分共同参与的气道慢性气道慢性炎症炎症性疾病。性疾病。这种慢性炎症导致易感个体这种慢性炎症导致易感个体气气道高反应性道高反应性,当接触物理、化学、生物等刺激,当接触物理、化学、生物等刺激因素时,发生广泛多变的因素时,发生广泛多变的可逆性气流
14、受限可逆性气流受限,从,从而引起反复发作的而引起反复发作的喘息、咳嗽、气促、胸闷喘息、咳嗽、气促、胸闷等等症状,常在夜间和(或)清晨发作或加剧,多症状,常在夜间和(或)清晨发作或加剧,多数患儿可经治疗缓解或自行缓解数患儿可经治疗缓解或自行缓解。三、危险因素(三、危险因素(Factors that Influence Asthma Development and Expression)Host FactorsHost Factors GeneticGenetic -Atopy -Atopy -Airway -Airway hyperresponsiveness hyperresponsivene
15、ss GenderGender ObesityObesityEnvironmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors Indoor allergensIndoor allergens Outdoor allergens Outdoor allergens Occupational sensitizers Occupational sensitizers Tobacco smoke Tobacco smoke Air Pollution Air Pollution Respiratory Infections Respiratory Infections Diet D
16、ietFactors that Exacerbate AsthmaFactors that Exacerbate AsthmaAllergensRespiratory infectionsExercise and hyperventilationWeather changesSulfur dioxideFood,additives,drugs四、发病机制四、发病机制19501950年年 支气管平滑肌痉挛支气管平滑肌痉挛19801980年以后年以后 炎症学说逐渐占主导地位炎症学说逐渐占主导地位19911991年以后年以后 气道重塑性疾病气道重塑性疾病四、发病机制四、发病机制气道炎症学说气道炎症学
17、说免疫与变态反应学说免疫与变态反应学说气道神经调节机制气道神经调节机制遗传机制遗传机制Source:Peter J.Barnes,MDSource:Peter J.Barnes,MDMechanisms:Asthma Inflammation 五、临床表现五、临床表现起病或急或缓起病或急或缓上呼吸道过敏症状上呼吸道过敏症状急性发作时症状与急性发作时症状与体征体征 咳嗽、咳痰或咳嗽、咳痰或痰鸣、喘息、呼吸困难、胸闷,发作性痰鸣、喘息、呼吸困难、胸闷,发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难为典型表伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难为典型表现。现。发作间歇期症状及体征发作间歇期症状及体征 症状体征消失,症状体征消
18、失,部分有自觉胸闷不适,呼吸音减弱。部分有自觉胸闷不适,呼吸音减弱。六、实验室检查六、实验室检查 支气管扩张试验支气管扩张试验支气管扩张试验支气管扩张试验 评价气道阻塞可逆程度评价气道阻塞可逆程度评价气道阻塞可逆程度评价气道阻塞可逆程度 支气管激发试验支气管激发试验支气管激发试验支气管激发试验 检测患者气道反应性检测患者气道反应性检测患者气道反应性检测患者气道反应性 最大呼吸流量(最大呼吸流量(最大呼吸流量(最大呼吸流量(PEFPEF)变异率监测变异率监测变异率监测变异率监测 其他其他其他其他 肺通气功能、血气分析、胸片、变态原肺通气功能、血气分析、胸片、变态原肺通气功能、血气分析、胸片、变态
19、原肺通气功能、血气分析、胸片、变态原测定、总测定、总测定、总测定、总IgEIgEIgEIgE及特异性及特异性及特异性及特异性IgEIgEIgEIgE测定。测定。测定。测定。Is it Asthma?Is it Asthma?Recurrent episodes of wheezingTroublesome cough at nightCough or wheeze after exerciseCough,wheeze or chest tightness after exposure to airborne allergens or pollutantsColds“go to the ches
20、t”or take more than 10 days to clear七、诊断七、诊断 Asthma DiagnosisHistory and patterns of symptomsHistory and patterns of symptomsMeasurements of lung functionMeasurements of lung function -Spirometry -Spirometry -Peak expiratory flow -Peak expiratory flowMeasurement of airway responsiveness Measurement
21、of airway responsiveness Measurements of allergic status to identify risk Measurements of allergic status to identify risk factorsfactorsExtra measures may be required to diagnose Extra measures may be required to diagnose asthma in children 5 years and younger and the asthma in children 5 years and
22、 younger and the elderlyelderly2008诊断标准儿童哮喘儿童哮喘 1.反复发作的喘息、咳嗽、气促、胸闷,多与接触变应原、冷空气、物理或化学性刺激、呼吸道感染以及运动等有关,常在夜间和(或)清晨发作或加剧。2.发作时在双肺闻及散在或弥漫性,以呼气相为主的哮鸣音,呼气相延长。3.上述症状和体征经抗哮喘治疗有效或自行缓解。4.除外其他疾病引起喘息、咳嗽、气促和胸闷。5.临床表现不典型者(如明显喘息或哮鸣音),应至少具备以下1项:(1)支气管激发试验或运动激发试验阳性;(2)支气管舒张试验阳性:吸入速效2受体激动剂(如沙丁胺醇)后15min第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)增加
23、12%或抗哮喘治疗效:使用支气管舒张剂和口服(或吸入)糖皮质激素治疗12周后,FEV1增加12%;最大呼吸流量(PEF)每日变异率(连续监测12周)超过20%。咳嗽变异型哮喘(咳嗽变异型哮喘(Cough Variant Asthma)(1)持续咳嗽)持续咳嗽4周周,常在夜间和(或)清晨发,常在夜间和(或)清晨发作,作,以干咳为主;以干咳为主;(2)临床上无感染征象,或经较长时间抗生素临床上无感染征象,或经较长时间抗生素治疗无效;治疗无效;(3)抗哮喘药物诊断性治疗有效;抗哮喘药物诊断性治疗有效;(4)排除其他原因引起的慢性咳嗽。)排除其他原因引起的慢性咳嗽。(5)支气管激发试验阳性和(或)支气
24、管激发试验阳性和(或)PEF每日变每日变异率(连续监测异率(连续监测12周)周)20%20%;(6 6)个人或个人或一、二级亲属特应性疾病史,或变一、二级亲属特应性疾病史,或变应原检测阳性。应原检测阳性。八、病情分级八、病情分级治疗前临床特征治疗前临床特征症状症状症状症状夜间症状夜间症状夜间症状夜间症状FEVFEV1 1 or PEFor PEF第四级第四级第四级第四级严重持续严重持续严重持续严重持续第三级第三级第三级第三级中度持续中度持续中度持续中度持续第二级第二级第二级第二级轻度持续轻度持续轻度持续轻度持续第一级第一级第一级第一级间歇发作间歇发作间歇发作间歇发作症状持续,体力活症状持续,体
25、力活症状持续,体力活症状持续,体力活动受限动受限动受限动受限 每日有症状,每日有症状,每日有症状,每日有症状,影响活动影响活动影响活动影响活动 每周每周每周每周1 1次,次,次,次,但每天但每天但每天但每天1 1次,次,次,次,每周每周每周每周1 1次次次次 每月每月每月每月2 2次次次次 每月每月每月每月2 22次次次次次次 60%60%预防值预防值预防值预防值 变异率变异率变异率变异率 30%30%60-80%60-80%预防值预防值预防值预防值 变异率变异率变异率变异率 30%30%80%80%预防值预防值预防值预防值 变异率变异率变异率变异率 20-30%20-30%80%80%预防值
26、预防值预防值预防值 变异率变异率变异率变异率 20%20%一个患儿只要具备某级严重度的一个特点则可将其列入该级之中一个患儿只要具备某级严重度的一个特点则可将其列入该级之中一个患儿只要具备某级严重度的一个特点则可将其列入该级之中一个患儿只要具备某级严重度的一个特点则可将其列入该级之中 Levels of Asthma ControlCharacteristicControlled(All of the following)Partly controlled(Any present in any week)Uncontrolled Daytime symptomsNone(2 or less/we
27、ek)More than twice/week3 or more features of partly controlled asthma present in any weekLimitations of activitiesNoneAnyNocturnal symptoms/awakeningNoneAnyNeed for rescue/“reliever”treatmentNone(2 or less/week)More than twice/weekLung function(PEF or FEV1)Normal2次/周部分控制哮喘患者在任何一周出现3个或更多特征活动受限无任何夜间症状
28、/憋醒无任何需要急救治疗/缓解药物治疗无(或2次/周)2次/周肺功能(PEF或FEV1)*正常80%预计值或个人最佳值(若已知)急性加重急性加重无1次或更多/年*任何1周有1次*评估哮喘控制水平:以控制哮喘临床特征、肺功能为目标的治疗*对任何加重均应迅速审核维持治疗方案以保证其足够的治疗对任何加重均应迅速审核维持治疗方案以保证其足够的治疗*对在任何一周出现一次加重即使能使该周成为哮喘未控制周对在任何一周出现一次加重即使能使该周成为哮喘未控制周*在在5岁及以下儿童岁及以下儿童 肺功能检查结果是不可靠的。肺功能检查结果是不可靠的。基于哮喘临床控制的哮喘管理基于哮喘临床控制的哮喘管理1.1.建立医患
29、伙伴关系建立医患伙伴关系建立医患伙伴关系建立医患伙伴关系2.2.找出并避免接触危险因素找出并避免接触危险因素找出并避免接触危险因素找出并避免接触危险因素3.3.评估、控制、监测哮喘评估、控制、监测哮喘评估、控制、监测哮喘评估、控制、监测哮喘4.4.控制哮喘急性发作控制哮喘急性发作控制哮喘急性发作控制哮喘急性发作5.5.特殊哮喘的处理特殊哮喘的处理特殊哮喘的处理特殊哮喘的处理九、哮喘管理九、哮喘管理九、哮喘管理九、哮喘管理Revised 2006哮喘长期管理的目标哮喘长期管理的目标 获得并保持哮喘症状的控制获得并保持哮喘症状的控制获得并保持哮喘症状的控制获得并保持哮喘症状的控制 保持正常的活动,
30、包括运动保持正常的活动,包括运动保持正常的活动,包括运动保持正常的活动,包括运动 保持肺功能尽可能接近正常水平保持肺功能尽可能接近正常水平保持肺功能尽可能接近正常水平保持肺功能尽可能接近正常水平 避免哮喘急性发作避免哮喘急性发作避免哮喘急性发作避免哮喘急性发作 避免药物不良反应避免药物不良反应避免药物不良反应避免药物不良反应 防止哮喘死亡防止哮喘死亡防止哮喘死亡防止哮喘死亡治疗并达到治疗并达到哮喘控制哮喘控制监测并维持监测并维持哮喘控制哮喘控制评估评估哮喘控制哮喘控制水平水平Component 4:Asthma Management and Prevention ProgramComponen
31、t 4:Asthma Management and Prevention ProgramController MedicationsController MedicationsInhaled glucocorticosteroidsInhaled glucocorticosteroidsLeukotriene modifiersLeukotriene modifiersLong-acting inhaled Long-acting inhaled 22-agonists-agonistsSystemic glucocorticosteroids Systemic glucocorticoste
32、roids TheophyllineTheophyllineCromonesCromonesLong-acting oral Long-acting oral 22-agonists-agonistsAnti-IgEAnti-IgESystemic glucocorticosteroidsSystemic glucocorticosteroidsComponent 4:Asthma Management and Prevention ProgramComponent 4:Asthma Management and Prevention Program Reliever MedicationsR
33、eliever Medications Rapid-acting inhaled Rapid-acting inhaled 2 2-agonists-agonists Systemic glucocorticosteroidsSystemic glucocorticosteroids AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics TheophyllineTheophylline Short-acting oral Short-acting oral 2 2-agonists-agonists控控 制制部分控制部分控制未未 控控 制制发作(恶化)发作(恶化)控控 制制 水水
34、平平维持并确定最小控制方案维持并确定最小控制方案考虑升级以达到控制考虑升级以达到控制升级直至控制升级直至控制按哮喘发作治疗按哮喘发作治疗治治治治 疗疗疗疗 方方方方 案案案案TREATMENT STEPSREDUCEINCREASESTEP1STEP2STEP3STEP4STEP5REDUCEINCREASETreating to Maintain Asthma Control获得控制后,仍应坚持监测获得控制后,仍应坚持监测:-维持控制维持控制 -确定最低的治疗阶梯确定最低的治疗阶梯/治疗量治疗量 哮喘控制状态应由医务人员和病人共哮喘控制状态应由医务人员和病人共同监测同监测Treating to Maintain Asthma ControlStepping down treatment when asthma is controlled单用中高剂量单用中高剂量ICSICS者,尝试在者,尝试在3 3个月剂量减个月剂量减少少5050。单用低剂量单用低剂量ICSICS达到控制,可改用每天达到控制,可改用每天1 1次次给药。给药。如使用最低剂量病人的哮喘维持控制,并如使用最低剂量病人的哮喘维持控制,并且且1 1年内无症状反复,可考虑停药。年内无症状反复,可考虑停药。http:/www.ginasthma.orghttp:/www.ginasthma.org