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1、0 0年高考语法复习系列年高考语法复习系列二二名 词名词名词专有名词专有名词(Proper Nouns)普通名词普通名词(Common Nouns)个体名词个体名词(Individual Nouns)集体名词集体名词(Collective Nouns)物质名词物质名词(Material Nouns)抽象名词抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)不可数名词不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)可数可数名词名词(Countable Nouns)1.1.可数名词的复数可数名词的复数给出下列名词的复数形式给出下列名词的复数形式 policeman child mouse tooth foo
2、t potato hero leaf shelf roof life baby monkey branch thief mosquitopolicemenchildrenmiceteethfeetpotatoesheroesleavesshelvesroofslivesbabiesmonkeysbranchesthievesmosquitoes watch lady fox fly brush tomato inch half kilo piano calf passer-by go-between grown-up girl friend sister-in-law man servant
3、looker-onwatchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushestomatoesinches halveskilospianoscalvespassers-bygo-betweensgrown-upsgirl friendssisters-in-lawmen servantslookers-onI.可数名词的复数变法可数名词的复数变法情况情况加法加法例词例词一般情况一般情况以以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词结尾的词以以辅音辅音y结尾的词结尾的词以以辅音辅音+o 结尾的词结尾的词以以f或或fe结尾的词结尾的词加加-s加加-es去去y加加-ies多数加多数加-es 把把f/fe改成改成
4、vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishesLadies;countriesHeroes;tomatoesHalves;leaves不规则名词单复数变化不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss （2）改变字母改变字母：man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,saleswoman-saleswomen,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goo
5、se-geese,Mouse-Mice,phenomenon-phenomena 另另：penny（pence或 pennies）（3）增加字母增加字母:child-children,ox-oxen（4）以以o结尾的词结尾的词：加加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco 加加es:tomato,potato,hero 另另：zero（zeros或 zeroes）（5）以以f或或fe结尾的词结尾的词:直接加直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变变f为为v再加再加es：life,wife,knife,half,le
6、af,wolf,thief 另外另外：handkerchief （handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）(6)(6)合成名词的复数形式合成名词的复数形式：将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law 将最后一部分变为复数：将最后一部分变为复数：grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人中间人），），good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人）无用之人）含含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：等的合
7、成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：如：boy students,girl friends,lady drivers 含含man或或 woman的合成名词：的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：a man doctor,two men doctors AA名词只能用复数形式的短语：名词只能用复数形式的短语：do exercises（做操做操）take notes (做笔记）做笔记）take turns（轮流）（轮流）make repairs（搞修理）（搞修理）change trains（
8、改换火车改换火车）make friends with（交朋友）（交朋友）shake hands with (握手）握手）as follows（如下）（如下）in rags（衣衫褴褛衣衫褴褛）in dozens（成打的）（成打的）B有些名词单复数形式含义特别有些名词单复数形式含义特别常见woods works waters clothes customs manners sands spirits feelings goods papers surroundings games forces times looks arms conditions Instructions（森林森林)（工厂工厂）
9、(水域水域)(衣服衣服)(海关海关)(礼貌礼貌)(沙滩沙滩)(精神精神,烈酒烈酒)(感情感情)(货物货物)(报纸报纸,文件文件)(环境环境)(运动会运动会)(军队军队)(时代时代)(外表外表)(武器武器)(形式形式,情况情况)(说明说明)II.不可数名词的不可数名词的”数数”1.抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数）抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功获
10、得成功 a success一个一个(件件)成功的人成功的人(事事)win honor赢得荣誉赢得荣誉 an honor一个一个(件件)引以为荣的引以为荣的(事事)Failure(失败失败)is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。失败是成功之母。a failure失败者失败者by experience靠经验靠经验 an experience一次经历一次经历youth青春青春 a youth一个青年人一个青年人have pity on sb.怜悯某人怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情可惜的事情with pleasure乐意乐意 a pleasure乐事乐事2.抽象名词与抽象
11、名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim,bath,talk)with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.3.物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使
12、用不定冠词。物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast The road is covered with snow.They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.4.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.T
13、he rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.常见的不可数名词常见的不可数名词progress advice funinformation furniture workbaggage luggage news jewelry weather paper(纸张纸张)equipment trouble knowledge homework有复数形式的不可数名词有复数形式的不可数名词有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语
14、言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：用。如：Use your brains,please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains,no gains.After many failures,they finally succeeded.III.III.名词单复数的特殊情况名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数集体名词只用作复数：p
15、olice,cattle,people,poultry,the youth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词只有复数形式的名词:clothes
16、,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources(5)以以s s结尾但不表示复数结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woodswoods(森林森林),),works works(工厂工厂)(6)有没有有没有s s结尾意义不同结尾意义不同：glass glasses,cloth
17、clothes,work works,glass glasses,cloth clothes,work works,water waters,wood woods,goodgoods,time water waters,wood woods,goodgoods,time times(times(时代时代),paper papers(),paper papers(论文论文),green greens),green greens(青菜青菜),custom customs(),custom customs(海关海关),spirit spirits(),spirit spirits(酒精酒精,情绪情绪
18、),light lights(),light lights(灯灯),experience experiences),experience experiences(经历经历),arm arms(),arm arms(武器武器),iron irons(),iron irons(镣铐镣铐,熨斗熨斗),),compass(compass(指南针指南针)compasses()compasses(圆规圆规),),(7)姓氏后加姓氏后加s s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:the Greens the Greens；the the ChengsChengs(8)(8)名词单复数形式意义
19、相同的短语：名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：make faces/a face（做鬼脸做鬼脸）Have talks/a talk with sb.(与某人交谈）与某人交谈）Play jokes/a joke on（拿（拿开玩笑）开玩笑）Make contributions/a contribution to （为（为做贡献）做贡献）(9)(9)名词单复数意义不同的短语：名词单复数意义不同的短语：Have a word with sb.（与与某人说句话某人说句话）Have words with sb.（与（与某人吵架）某人吵架）Make cloth (织布）织布）Make clothes（制衣）（
20、制衣）一:s型用法（有生命的所有格）有生命的所有格李平的自行车汤姆的作品 Tom and Marys father Toms and Marys fathers 2.表某人家，店铺名称，常省去所有格后的名词At Greens,at my unclesAt the tailorsLi pings bike Toms works共有共有各有各有表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家，表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家，团体，机构等团体，机构等todays newspaper ten minutes walkthe stations waiting room4.somebody,someone,who+el
21、se所有格加在else 后如果这字典不是你的，会是谁的？If this dictionary isnt yours,whoelses can it be?二二：of 型型.Of 型（无生命名词所有格）型（无生命名词所有格）我们学校的学生房间的窗户The students of our schoolthe window of the room2.双重属格双重属格：既有s的属格，又有of的属格。通常s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a friend of my fathers;a book of Toms3.表示表示“某人自己的某人自己的”的属格的属格:用of ones own表示，不可用of反身代词。例如：This is the house of my own.1.1.作主语作主语2.2.作宾语作宾语3.3.作表语作表语He is an artist.He played football yesterday.Tom often watches TV every Sunday.三：名词在句子中充当的成分三：名词在句子中充当的成分4.4.作定语作定语5.5.作宾语补足语作宾语补足语He named the baby Tonny.Mr Yang is a computer teacher.