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1、冠词、数词、名词和代词冠词、数词、名词和代词v冠词:定冠词(the)及不定冠词(a,an)两类.1.定冠词(the)定冠词the表示这,那,这些,那些之意,用于可数的单数复数名词或不可数名词前.v例如:theapplethebiggerone2.不定冠词(a,an)不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前,表示一的概念,但不强调数目,只表示该名词不是特定者.a(an)表示一的意义时,不如one的数字概念强.例如:apen一支钢笔anegg一个鸡蛋astudent一个学生anapple一个苹果定冠词the的用法(1)指代上文已提到过的人或事物.例如:There is a book called“Gone w
2、ith the Wind”on my shelf.The book was written by a foreign writer.(2)特指谈话双方都熟悉的某(些)人或某些)事物.例如:The angry man on the screen is David.v(3)用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:The world,the moon,the universe (4)用在序数词,形容词的最高级前及由only修饰的名词前.例如:vThe first lesson is as difficult as the last one.v(5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:vtheSummer
3、PalacetheUSAvtheOlympicGamesv(6)用在江河,湖泊,海洋,山脉,群岛等的名词前.例如:theYellowRivertheBlackSeav(7)用在姓氏复数前,表示某某一家人或某某夫妇.例如:theGreenstheWangsthe+姓氏复数作主语,谓语动词用复数.例如:TheWhitesdotheircookingathomeonlyattheweekend.v(8)the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物.如:theoldtheyoungtherichthepoortheclevertheblindv(9)用在乐器前面.例如:playthepianoplaythe
4、violinv(10)用在the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级结构中,表示越越.例如:vThemoreexerciseyoutake,thehealthieryouwillbe.v(11)当名词被短语或从句修饰时,该名词前用冠词.例如:Themanunderthetreeismygrandfather.ThegirlinwhiteisMary.v(12)用在表示方位的名词前.例如:intheeastinthewestinthenortheastofChinav(13)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物.例如:Thetreeisakindofplant.Thecomputerisanint
5、erestingtool.(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:inthemorning,intheearlymorningvintheevening,inthebeginningvintheafternoon,ontheright(left)vbytheway,intheend,thenextday,attheendof,thedayaftertomorrow,vattheageof,inthefrontof在(内部)的前面thedaybeforeyesterdayvgotothechurch,inthehospital不定冠词不定冠词a(an)的用法的用法v(1)表示某一类人或事物中的
6、个体,要在名词前加a(an).例如:Pleasepassmeachair.Achildneedsloveinhisearlylife.v(2)用来指某人或某物.但不具体说明是谁或是什么时,名词前要加a(an).例如:Avisitorcalledmeupjustnow.v(3)用来表示一的概念,相当于one.例如:Hereisapresentforyou.v(4)表示单位,数量,长度等.例如:Iwritetomypen-friendonceamonth.Takethismedicinethreetimesaday.v(5)用在专有名词前,表示说话者不知道的人或事物.相当与acertain例如:A
7、MrBlackrangyouupjustnow.(6)月份,星期及morning,afternoon,evening,night等名词前有修饰语时,一律用a(an).例如:vonacoldmorninginasunnySundayvinahotmonthonaterriblenightv(7)用在sucha(an),quitea(an),manya(an),rathera(an)与so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词的结构中.例如:Itissuchatalltree.Manyamancomestoworkonthefarm.v(8)用于某些固定搭配中.例如:afew一些,少数几个abit一点儿v
8、alot(of)许多,大量alittle一点儿apieceof一片/块haveacold患感冒vhaveameal吃顿饭havearest休息一下haveaswim游泳haveawalk散步vhaveagoodtime零冠词零冠词v(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:ChinaJohnAustraliavNo.1MiddleSchoolNationalDayv(2)名词前有指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词.例如:Theradioisonherdesk.vSomeyoungpioneersareworkingonthefarm.v(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,名词前不用
9、冠词.例如:Myuncleandauntarebothdoctors.vHorsesareusefulanimals.v(4)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词.例如:MissLiChairmanHuDrSmithProfessorChenv(5)在季节,月份,星期前不用冠词.例如:Itsveryhotinsummer.vWeusuallyhaveclassmeetingsonWednesday.(6)在一日三餐,学科,球类,棋牌类名词前不用冠词.例如:vChildrenlovetoplayfootball.v(7)在表示交通方式的介词短语中,不用冠词.例如:Doyouusuallycomet
10、oGuangzhoubyplaneorbytrain?(8)两个相同或相对的名词并用时,不用冠词.例如:fatherandsonhandinhandvdayandnightfacetofacesunandmoonsidebysidev(10)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词.例如:gotoworkontimevathomegotocollegevgotochurch去做礼拜inbed在睡觉;卧病在床infrontof在前面vattable进餐infuture今后vonearth究竟inhospital住院v真题考察真题考察vInplaying_,choosingatuneisveryimportant
11、.vA.pianoB.pianosC.apianoD.thepianov定冠词the常用于乐器的名称之前,表示演奏。vTheoldmantoldus_storythatweallforgotaboutthetime.vA.suchaninterestingB.suchinterestingavC.soaninterestingD.asointerestingvSucha(an)+名词+that从句和so+形容词或副词+that从句表示如此以至于(二)数词v表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。v一、基数词v1)表示书页、房
12、间、住所、邮编、电话号码等编号line12,postcode710000v2)表示确指数字时,如ten,hundred,dozen,thousand,million,score等,只用单数形式,不能加s,v如threemillioncollegestudents,twodozenbottlesofbeer,fourscoreandsixyearsv但在某些表示概数的习语中,如“成百上千,成千上万”等,基数词要加“s”,如hundredsofsoldiers,thousandsofbirdsv当hundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof被afew,some,several
13、,many等不确切数字的词修饰时,用单复数形式均可。vSomethousand(s)ofworkersattendedthemeeting.v(4)基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄v1)表示年代:inthe+年份的复数在几世纪几十年代v2)表示年龄:inones+整十的复数在某人几十岁时二、序数词v序数词的缩写形式:first-1stsecond-2ndthree-3rdv除前三个外,其余序数词都以th结尾(fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth),v以ty结尾的基数词构成序数词时,须将y改成-i再加-eth,如twentieth,thirtieth,两位数的基数词变序数词时,只需
14、将个位数变成序数词,十位数不变,如twenty-one变为twenty-firstv三、数词的用法v1)倍数表示法va.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+asvIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.vb.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,weight,length)ofvTheearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.vc.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+thanvThegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.vd.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加
15、多少倍vTheproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.v2)分数表示法v构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:v1/3one-third;2/10two-tenthsv但分数作定语时,分子和分母间必须加连字符,且分母要用单数,不用复数形式。v真题考察v3._happinessisbuiltonthebasisofhealth.vA.Ninth-tenthsB.Nine-tenthC.Nine-tenthsD.Nine-tenv“十分之九”的表达方式“ninetenths”,但分
16、数作定语时,分子和分母间必须加连字符,且分母要用单数,不用复数形式。v4.Two_diedofcoldlastwinter.vA.hundredsoldpeopleB.hundredoldpeoplevC.hundredsoldpeoplesD.hundredoldpeoplesvHundred,thousand,million做定语时一律不用复数;作名词时后跟“of短语”,要用复数。名词people为person的一般复数形式,peoples意为“民族”,如thefifty-sixpeoplesofChina.名词v1.名词的数v可数名词复数变化规则:可数名词复数变化规则:v1)一般情况加-
17、svbird-birds,desk-desks,hand-hands,lake-lakesv2)以ch,sh,s,x,z结尾加-esvwatch-watches,brush-brushes,class-classes,box-boxes,v3)辅音字母+y变y为i在加esvbaby-babies,country-countriesv4)以o结尾加-esvtomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes,volcano-volcanoesv5)以f或fe结尾变f或者fe为v加esvthief-thieves,wife-wives,leaf-leaves,vk
18、nife-knives,wolf-wolves,life-livesva.以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加-s,如:play-plays,boy-boysvb.以o结尾的名词,直接加-s,v如:photo-photos,bamboo-bambooskilo-kiloszoo-zoosradio-radiospiano-pianosvc.以f或者fe结尾,直接加-s,如:vbelief-beliefs,cliff-cliffs,safe-safes,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,chief-chiefs可数名词复数的不规则变化:可数名词复数的不规则变化:v1)变换元音或者加后缀v如
19、:tooth-teethfoot-feetmouse-micevwoman-womenox-oxenchild-childrenv2)单复同形v如:cattleChinesesheepdeermeansfishv3)外来语的复数形式vdatum-datamedium-mediavcrisis-crisesphenomenon-phenomenav4)有些名词形式上是单数,但用作复数vPolice,mankind,people,cattle,crewv5)合成词复数通常在主干词上加“s”vbrother-in-laws,passers-by,story-tellersv6)可直接在其前使用不定冠
20、词或数词;可受these,those,few,afew,many,agoodgreatmany,agreatgoodnumberof等修饰。如:vTherearefiveroomsintheapartment.vThereweremanythingstobedone.不可数名词的数v常见的不可数名词:(物质名词和抽象名词)vadvice,luggage,bread,damage,knowledge,equipment,information,population,housework,furniturev通常没有复数形式;其前不可直接用不定冠词或数词;可用(a)little,much,agrea
21、tdeal,alotof,plentyof,alargeamountof,alargequantityof,some,any等修饰;v要表示数量不可在前面直接加数词,而要用apieceof之类的结构。vTheyhaventmuchfurniture.vHelostagreatquantityofblood.vtwopiecesofpaperasliceofmeatvafitofcoughthreecupsoftea名词作定语名词作定语vIt took us quite a long time to get here.It was _ journey.v A.three-hour B.a thr
22、ee hour v C.a three-hour D.three hours vThe village is far away from here indeed.Its _ walk.v A.a four hour B.a four hours v C.a four-hours D.a four hours“数词数词+名词名词”构成的合成词作定语时,这个名词一构成的合成词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。般保留单数形式。如:如:a ten-mile walk;a five-year plan但是如果不用连字符,就需用复数的所有格。但是如果不用连字符,就需用复数的所有格。vThere are
23、only twelve _ in the hospital.v Awoman doctors Bwomen doctorsv Cwomen doctor Dwoman doctorvman,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:如:a man worker men workersv a woman teacher women teachers v a gentleman official gentlemen officials名词所有格v名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。v1
24、.-s所有格的构成方法为v:对于单数名词和不带词尾-s的复数名词,直接在其后加-s构成;对于词尾带-s的复数名词只加省字符()。如:vJimsparents吉姆的父母mensclub男子俱乐部vtheteachersoffice教师办公室v注:用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s:vJacksandMikesrooms(各自)的房间vJackandMikesroom(共同)的房间v2.-s所有格的用法:-s所有格通常用于有生命者,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,如用于表时间或距离的名词后,用于表
25、示国家、城市、组织机构等的名词后等。如:vWhereretodayspapers?vWhatsyourgovernmentspolicy?vItisthecountrysbiggestcity?v3.of所有格即指在名词后使用of短语来表示所有关系,它既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。如:vWealllikethesonofMrGreen.。vIllneverforgetthebeautyofthelake.v注:of所有格有时可以与-s所有格互换。如:vThatmansnameisinteresting.=vThenameofthatmanisveryinteresting.v4
26、.双重所有格。双重所有格就是指同时既使用-s所有格又使用of所有格。如:vafriendofmyfathers我父亲的一位朋友vaphotoofMrSmiths史密斯先生的一张照片v注:被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等)。如:vThatlittledaughterofyourcousinsisreallylovely.你表哥的那个小女儿真是可爱。(表赞赏)vThatdaughterofyourcousinsisconstantlycomplaining.你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)v在某些习惯用语中,需要s的所有格。例如:Thedriv
27、erescapedthedeathbyahairsbreadth那个司机这回真是九死一生。Nowyoumaysingtoyourheartscontent你现在可以尽情地唱了。另外,forfriendshipssake(为了友情),atastonesthrow(一箭之遥),atonesfingerstip(手头上有),atarmslength(保持距离),atoneswitsend(黔驴技穷)真题考察v1.“Look!Thepolice_heretokeeporder!Goawayquickly,”oneofthemshouted.vA.iscomingB.comesvC.arecomingD
28、.hascomev2.ShecouldnotspeakEnglish,butmadeherwishesknownbymeansof_.vA.signsB.sighsC.movementsD.wordsv1.C。特殊类群体名词police/cattle做主语时,谓语动词用复数。警察个体用policeman/policewoman;牛的个体用aheadofcattle。v2.A。signs指“手势”,还可用ourexpressions和gesture等bodymovements来表达思想。sigh意为“叹息”,words与前半句矛盾。v3.Inmyopinion,whathetoldusjustn
29、owabouttheaffairsimplydoesntmakeany_.vA.ideaB.meaningC.senseD.pointv4.Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?v_.vA.PalmersB.ThePalmersvC.ThePalmersD.ThePalmersv3.C。makesense是习语,意为“有道理”、“意义清楚”。v4.CC。表示Palmer一家人,指一家人时常用the+姓氏的复数。v5._foodiskeptinhisnewcave,butatlastSaddamwasstillarrested.vA.LargequantitiesofB.A
30、greatdealofvC.AlargenumberofD.Quiteafewv6.Letstryoperatingthemachinerightnow.vWait.Betterreadthe_first.vA.instructionsB.explanationsvC.informationD.introductionv5.B。alarge/great/goodquantity/amountof+复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数;large/great/goodquantities/amountsof+复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用复数。v6.A。instructions说明书(常用复数
31、),explanation解释、说明。v7.Therestofthemagazines_withinhalfanhour.vA.issoldoutB.wassoldoutvC.weresoldoutD.aresoldoutv8.Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses_muchifpeopleleavethings_theyare.vA.doesntchange;asB.arentchanged;likevC.dontchange;likeD.dontchange;asv7.C。Mostof/Halfof/Partof/partof+名作主语,谓语与o
32、f后面的名词保持一致。本题中magazines是可数名词复数,故谓语动词用复数。v8.A。Thenumberof+名词复数,谓语常用单数;Anumberof+名词复数,谓语常用复数。名词与介词的搭配v名词+betweenvanalogybetween类似vbalancebetween平衡vdifferencebetween.不同,差异similaritybetween.的相似之处vcontradictionbetween矛盾,不一致vconnectionbetween关系,连接vcompromisebetween/on折中,妥协vdistinctionbetween区别名词+forvaffec
33、tionfor爱,喜欢apologytosbforsth道歉appealfor魅力,吸引力appetitefor对.的欲望arrangementfor对.的安排attractionfor对.的吸引力vanxietyfor渴望ambitionfor雄心vcandidatefor候选人,人选claimfor要求vcontestfor争夺,竞争creditfor荣誉,赞扬vdemandfor对.的需求desirefor渴望vfancyfor喜爱hatredfor/of仇恨vvpreferencefor偏爱reasonfor原因,理由passionfor对.的强烈爱好,热爱vremedyfor补救,解
34、决vresponsibilityfor责任reputationfor名声,名气requestfor要求protectionfor保护vsearchfor对.的搜寻vtastefor对.的爱好,喜爱vwishfor欲望,愿望名词+invadvancein改进,进步vadmissionto/into进入,入(场,学,会)vbeliefin对.的信仰,相信confidencein对.的信任,相信vdecreasein.的减少increasein增加,增长vfaithin对.的信任,信仰vinterferencein/with干涉,阻碍vinvestmentin投资vsuccessin成功名词+onv
35、actionon对.的作用commenton对.的评论vdependenceon依赖于effecton对.的作用stresson对.的强调impressionon对.的印象vconcentrationon专心,集中精力vemphasison对.的强调,注重impacton/upon对.的撞击,巨大影响improvementon对.的改进,提高vresearchon/into对.的研究,调查vrestrainton限制,约束pressureon.的压力名词+overvadvantageover优于.的有利条件vconcernabout/over担心v名词+fromvabsencefrom缺席,不
36、在vdeparturefrom离开vindependencefrom独立,自主名词+tovaccessto.的入口,通路additionto增加answerto.的答案applicationto把.应用于.approachto类似,办法,通道vattentionto对.的注意barrierto.的障碍consentto同意contrastto对比,对照contributionto贡献,捐献,damagetosth损坏vdangerto危险delegateto参加.的代表entranceto.的入口,入场vexceptionto.的例外exposuretosth暴露gratitudetosb感激
37、hazardto危险inquiryinto对.的调查introductionto引言,介绍,入门invitationto邀请代词英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词(I,he,you,she)、物主代词(my,his,our)、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、反身代词(myself,yourself,herself,oneself)、相互代词(eachother,oneanother)、疑问代词(what,who,whose,which)、关系代词(who,which,that,as)和不定代词(some,any,many,much)。其中关系代词、
38、不定代词是考试重点关系代词v1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词thegirl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)v2)关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that可指人也可指物,见表:v限定性非限定性限定性v指人指物指人或指物v主格whowhichthatv宾格whomthatthatv属格whoseofwhich/whosevThisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.v这就是那个
39、折了尖的铅笔。(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)vHecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。v(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)不定代词的用法v1)不定代词有vall,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no
40、one,none,everybody,everyone.等。v1.both全部,都,不定代词both指两个人或事物。可以用作主语、宾语、定语或同位语。例如:vBothwouldliketogoswimming.(作主语)vWeinvitedbothtocometoourfarm.(作宾语)vBothfilmsareinteresting.(作定语)vTheybothlikeskating.(作they的同位语)v2.none无人或无物意思和all相反,和noone同义,但其用法相当于名词,在句子中一般作主语或宾语。它代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单
41、、复数皆可。例如:vNoneoftheproblemsis/areeasytosolve.(作主语,代替可数名词)vNoneofthemoneyismine.(作主语,代替不可数名词)vIknownoneofthem.(作宾语)v注:不定代词none表示三个或三个以上都不,所以汉语的我们(三人以上)都不去译成英语为Noneofuswillgo.而不能译成Allofuswillnotgo.后者译为我们并不是个个都去。v3.either两者之中的任何一个不定代词either可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如:vEitherofthemwillagreetothisarrangement.(作主语)vHe
42、rearetwobooks.Youcanborroweitherofthem.(作宾语)vIbelieveeithermethodwillwork.(作定语)v4.neither两个之中一个也不是不定代词neither是either的否定形式,可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如:vNeitherisinteresting.(作主语)v-DidyouseeMaryandJack?v-No,Isawneitherofthem.(作宾语)vIthinkneitherbookisworthreading.(作定语)vv注:a.不定代词neither表示两个都不,所以汉语的我俩都没去那儿译成英语为Neithe
43、rofuswentthere.而不能译成Bothofusdidnotgothere.后者意为我俩没都去那儿。vb.肯定形式的动词+neither=否定形式的动词+either。例如:vIlikeneitherofthem.=Idontlikeeitherofthem.v5.other其他的,相当于名词时,有复数形式others,还有所有格形式others和others。不定代词other之前常用冠词the。例如:vHehastwodaughters.Oneisateacher,theotherisanurse.(作主语)vSomewillgoswimming,otherswillgoshopp
44、ing.(作主语)vIhavetwopicturesoftheGreatWallhere.Youhaveseenone.NowIllshowyoutheother.(作宾语)vThereareotherwaysofhelpinghimoutofdifficulty.(作定语)v6.another泛指另一个,它只能代替或修饰可数的单数名词,前面不再用冠词。复数形式是someothers。例如:vOneisblind,anotherisdeaf,andathirdislame.(作主语)vThisshirtistoosmallforme.Pleaseshowmeanother.(作宾语)vShei
45、safool,andherhusbandisanother.(作表语)vWouldyoulikeanothercupofmilk?(作定语)vYouwillhavetostayhereforanotherfivedays.(作定语,fivedays形式上是复数,但意义上是单数,可以和another连用)v7.few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词afew/alittle为肯定含义,还有一点few/little为否定含义,没有多少了。vHehasafewfriends.他有几个朋友。Hehasfewfriends.他几乎没有朋友。Westillhavealittletime.我们还有点时间。Thereislittletimeleft.几乎没剩下什么时间了。v典型例题:Althoughheswealthy,hespends_onclothes.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew答案:A.spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或alittle.本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。固定搭配:onlyafew(=few)notafew(=many)quiteafew(=many)manya(=many)Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.